Adolescents Assuming Adult Roles: Factors Associated with Teens Providing Child Care for Younger Siblings
This paper explores factors which make it more or less likely that parents will rely on their adolescent children to care for younger siblings.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • December 22, 2004

After-School Programs for Low-Income Children: Promise and Challenges
This article looks at the range of after-school programs available for low-income children and discusses the challenges faced by these programs in terms of finding adequate facilities, staffing, and financing.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Fall 1999

After-School Child Care Programs
This article looks at the varying quality of different after-school programs and discusses the impact that different arrangements have on children's adjustment in school.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Fall 1999

Links Between Early Childhood Programs and Maternal Employment in Three Countries
This article compares government policies on the provision of child care and family supports in the United States, Sweden and the Netherlands.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Winter 1995

Changing Demographics: Past and Future Demands for Early Childhood Programs
This paper examines historical changes to the structure of family life and the corresponding changes in the demand for non-parental child care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Winter 1995

Risks and Benefits of Open Adoption
This article reviews the main arguments relating to the advantages and disadvantages of an adoption process in which the birth and adoptive parents are in contact with each other.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Spring 1993

Statistics on Adoption in the United States
This article reviews existing data relating to the characteristics of parents who adopt or give their children up for adoption, the nature of the children who are adopted, and adoption arrangements.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Spring 1993

The Evolution of Kinship Care Policy and Practice
This article discusses the benefits and drawbacks of kinship foster care and emphasizes the need for a coherent government policy on this issue in order to ensure that children are receiving the best care possible.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • 2004

When Children Cannot Return Home: Adoption and Guardianship
This article discusses efforts on the part of governments and welfare agencies to find permanent, stable homes for foster children through adoption and guardianship.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • 2004

Child Care Within the Family
This study examines unregulated, kin-provided child care in an urban, working class community.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Spring/Summer 2001

The One Hundred Billion Dollar Man The Annual Public Costs of Father Absence
This study provides an estimate of taxpayer costs in the US, in support of homes in which the father is absent.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Fatherhood Initiative • 2008

Youth Governance: How and Why It Can Help Out-of-School Time Programs Involve at-Risk Youth
This report recommends implementing youth governance relationships within out-of-school programs between at-risk youth and adult leaders.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Child Trends • June 2008

Incarcerated Fathers: A Descriptive Analysis
This study looks at the effects that the incarceration of a father has on children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Canadian Families and Corrections Network • May 2007

Caring For Our Youngest: Public Attitudes in the United States
This article presents the results of public opinion polls that asked people about their attitudes towards early caregiving, and the role government and parents play.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Spring 2001

Child Care and Our Youngest Children
This article discusses the important role that caregivers play in shaping infants' minds and personalities, emphasizing the importance of high quality early care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • 2001

The Child Care Arrangements of Preschool Children in Immigrant Families in the United States
This paper explores trends in childcare use by immigrant families and compares their patterns of use with those of non-immigrant families.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Foundation for Child Development • April 01, 2002

Children of Incarcerated Parents: Cumulative Risk and Children’s Living Arrangements
This paper reviews existing literature on the living arrangements and well-being of children with incarcerated parents, the risk factors that they face, and the relationship between the risk factors and specific living arrangements.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • July 17, 2002

One in Five...: Housing as a Factor in the Admission of Children to Care
This paper presents the findings of a study that examines the relationship between housing insecurity and the placement of children into care in Toronto.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Centre for Urban and Community Studies • November 2001

Children in Care in Canada: A Summary of Current Issues and Trends with Recommendations for Future Research
This report highlights trends and patterns in out-of-home care in Canada as a whole, as well as in its provinces and territories individually.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Child Welfare League of Canada • March 2003

A Road Map for Learning: Improving Educational Outcomes in Foster Care
This book provides a framework to help encourage foster children in school.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Casey Family Programs • 2004

Improving Family Foster Care: Findings from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study
This paper describes findings from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study, which observed adults who were placed in foster care as children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Casey Family Programs • March 14, 2005

It’s My Life: A Framework for Youth Transitioning from Foster Care to Successful Adulthood
This book discusses a framework that helps fostered youth prepare for a healthy adulthood.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Casey Family Programs • 2001

Child Protection Australia 1998-99
This paper investigates child abuse and child protection services in Australia from 1998 to 1999, including protection orders, foster home care, and legal proceedings.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare • 2000

Child Protection Australia 2000-01
This paper investigates child abuse and child protection services in Australia from 2000 to 2001, including protection orders, foster home care, and legal proceedings.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare • 2002

The Labour Force Participation of Married Mothers: A Tale of International Catchup
This paper examines the different rates of employment for married mothers in Britain and Spain.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• York University • April 01, 2003

Child Care in Poor Communities: Early Learning Effects of Type, Quality, and Stability
This report examines the effects of child care participation, quality, and stability on the cognitive outcomes for children in low-income communities.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Berkley University of California • January/February 2004

Myths About Childcare Subsidies; A Review of the Empirical Literature
This report looks at literature which suggests that lengthy periods of exposure to formal childcare may have negative effects on child development.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Frontier Centre for Public Policy • January 2010

Incarcerated Parents and their Children
This report looks at the number of inmates with minor children, the total number of children affected by parental incarceration, and care arrangements for children whose parents and imprisoned.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs • August 2000

Family Reunification
This article looks at patterns of children's reunification with their biological family after being placed in foster care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • 2004

Time to Care: A Comparison of How Couple and Sole Parents Households Allocate Time to Work and Children
This paper looks at the quality and quantity of time that single mothers spend with their children as compared to parents in couple relationships.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Social Policy Research Centre • June 01, 2004

Post-Permanency Services
This paper presents the need for further services to families facing the permanency of a previously fostered child, whether following reunification with biological parents, permanent kinship care, or adoption.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Casey Family Programs • 2003

Outcomes of Adoption of Children With Special Needs
This article investigates the well-being of adopted children who have special needs (for example, behavioural, physical, or emotional problems), and finds that most do well in adoptive homes.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Spring 1993

When Children Cannot Remain Home: Foster Family Care and Kinship Care
This article discusses the increasing usage of kinship care as a result of such factors as increased demand for foster care, a shortage of available spaces, and expense issues.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Future of Children • Spring 1998

Child Abuse and Neglect Fact Sheet
This paper looks at the extent of child abuse and neglect in America and addresses several contributing factors, such as domestic violence and alcoholism.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Children's Defense Fund • August 2005

Canadian Attitudes on the Family
This survey asked a broad range of questions dealing with all aspects of the attitudes of Canadians toward marital and family satisfaction, work/family balance, taxation, family size, the impacts of cohabitation, divorce, same-sex marriage, parenting and the impact of children on marital satisfaction, and the significance of religion.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Focus on the Family (Canada) • June 01, 2002

Outside School Hours Care Services in Australia 1994-97
This paper explores the availability and provision of nonparental child care for school-aged children before and after school, on noninstructional days, and during school holidays.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare • June 2000

Grandmothers’ Involvement among Children and Adolescents Growing Up in Poverty
This paper studies grandmothers' involvement in raising and caring for grandchildren, and the effect of this type of non-parental care on children's social and cognitive development and behaviour.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • January 14, 2004

Abuse of Children in Residential Care
This paper explores the dynamics of child abuse in residential institutions in the United Kingdom.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children • October 01, 2003

What Can We Learn from Quebec’s Universal Childcare Program?
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth, this study compares outcomes from parents and children in Quebec’s universal daycare program with a national sample.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• C.D. Howe Institute • February 1, 2006

Youth in Foster Care with Adult Mentors During Adolescence have Improved Adult Outcomes
This study found that foster children who had non-parental adult mentors demonstrated better outcomes in employment, education and health as adults.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• American Academy of Pediatrics • January 2008

Child and Family Services Act
The purpose of this Act is to promote the best interests, protection and well being of children in Canada.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Government of Ontario • 1990

The Foster Care Crisis
This paper describes the history and current status of the foster care system and suggests that welfare reform may have unintended negative consequences for the foster care system.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Institute for Research on Poverty • December 01, 1994

Guardianship Planning Among HIV-Infected Parents in the United States: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample.
This study surveyed 222 unmarried HIV-infected parents regarding guardianship planning.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• American Academy of Pediatrics • February 2007

What Childcare Crisis? Irish Mothers Entering the Labour Force
The results of this Irish study suggest that the link between maternal employment and the availability of formal child care is not as significant as many people suggest.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Employment Research Center • May 10, 2001

Australian Social Trends 2001: Family - Family Services: Child Care Arrangements
This paper updates past statistics on childcare trends in Australia, including reasons for use, public and private costs, and type of childcare available.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Bureau of Statistics • May 20, 2002

Australian Social Trends 1994: Family - Family Services: Child Care
This paper presents statistics on childcare trends in Australia, including reasons for use, cost, and type of childcare available.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Bureau of Statistics • February 22, 2001

The Impacts of Non-Parental Care on Child Development
This report examines the impact of increasing use of non-parental care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Human Resources Development Canada • August 1999

Sterilisation and Other Medical Procedures on Children A report to the Attorney-General
This paper make recommendations intended to prevent eugenic sterilization of minors, particularly disabled minors.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Attorney General of Australia • November 01, 1994

Protecting Parental Liberty in a Child-Centered Legal System
This paper analyzes the balance between parental autonomy and the state's responsibility in protecting children from parental abuse.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Centre for Cultural Renewal • July 27, 2005

An Economic Analysis of Kin-Provided Child Care
This paper discusses factors affecting mothers' decisions to use family child care, and the effect that child care has on a family's economic well-being.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Institute for Research on Poverty • November 01, 1995

Concepts of Care in After-school Programs: Protection, Instruction, and Containment
This paper discusses the differing, and sometimes competing, perceptions of the purpose of after school child care held by schools, families, and law enforcement.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Center for Working Families • May 01, 2002

The Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Interventions for the Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe: A Literature Review of Evidence-based Interventions for Home-based Child-centred Development
This literature review provides an overview of interventions for orphaned or vulnerable children in three southern African nations that focus on providing home-based care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Human Sciences Research Council • 2004

A Profile of the Childcare Services Industry
This report exmaines the childcare services industry in Canada.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Statistics Canada • September 2002

Children in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Child-Only Cases with Relative Caregivers: Final Report
This report examines the demographics, family circumstances, needs, and well-being of children who are involved with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families apart from their parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation • June 2004

Child Protection Australia 1999-00
This paper investigates child abuse and child protection services in Australia from 1999 to 2000, including protection orders, foster home care, and legal proceedings.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare • 2001

Adoptions Australia 2001-02
This paper investigates child abuse and child protection services in Australia from 2001 to 2002, including protection orders, foster home care, and legal proceedings.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare • 2003

Trends in Long Day Care Services for Children in Australia 1991-99
This paper examines trends in the provision and use of government-supported long day care services in Australia in the 1990s.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare • 2002

Child Protection Australia 2003-04
This paper investigates child abuse and child protection services in Australia from 2003 to 2004, including protection orders, foster home care, and legal proceedings.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare • 2005

Effects of Welfare and Employment Policies on Young Children: New Findings on Policy Experiments Conducted in the Early 1990s
This paper examines the short and long term effects of welfare and employment programs on the school achievement of children of different ages.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Society for Research in Child Development • 2005

Use of Relative Care by Working Parents
This report uses data from the 1999 and 2002 National Surveys of America's Families to examine working parents' use of relative care for children of different ages.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • April 2005

A Synthesis of Research on Family Preservation and Family Reunification Programs
This report reviews existing research on family preservation programs, in particular those intended to prevent children from being placed in foster care and those which aim to reunify families with children in out-of-home placements.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services • May 1995

National Estimates of Child Care and Subsidy Receipt for Children Ages 0 to 6: What Can We Learn from the National Household Education Survey?
This research brief provides estimates of child subsidy receipt and child care arrangements for preschool children in the United States.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Child Trends • October 2004

Progress on Safeguards for Children Living Away from Home: A Review of Actions since the 'People Like Us' Report
This report looks at the progress that is being made in the United Kingdom towards ensuring the safety and well-being of children and youth who cannot live at home for a variety of reasons, such as abuse, disability, family dysfunction, or delinquency.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2004

Getting Help With Child Care Expenses
This paper discusses the expenses of child care and focuses on how, and where, employed families recieve childcare assistance.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2003

Reassessing the Role of Childcare Costs in the Work and Care Decisions of Australian Families
This paper reassesses the costs of childcare and looks at how the expense affects the childcare choices and parental employment of Australian families.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Centre for Economic Policy Research • August 1999

The Odyssey Project: A Descriptive and Prospective Study of Children and Youth in Residential Group Care and Therapeutic Foster Care
This paper investigates the age, gender, family, behavioural, and mental health characteristics of children in residential group care (RGC) and therapeutic foster care (TFC) programs.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Child Welfare League of America • 2003

Fostering Success: An Explanation of the Research Literature in Foster Care
This paper examines past research and literature on the types, purposes, and functions of foster care, its impact on child health and well-being, and the outcomes for children who are raised in foster homes.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Social Care Institute for Excellence • January 2004

The Effect of State TANF Choices on Grandparent-Headed Households
This paper examines welfare policies pertaining to benefit levels, time limits, work requirements and support enforcement, and looks at how they affect grandparent-headed households.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• AARP • November 2000

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren in the District of Columbia: Focus Group Report
This paper presents information from a number of focus groups on the social, legal, familial, health and financial problems faced by grandparents who are the primary caregivers for their grandchildren.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• AARP • November 2003

Children Cared for by Relatives: What Do We Know About Their Well-Being?
This paper presents evidence that children who live with relatives have significantly worse outcomes in terms of emotional and behavioural development, school achievement and involvement, health, and adult interaction than those who live with their parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Urban Institute • May 01, 2002

Once We Knew How to Rescue Poor Kids
This paper focuses on the efforts of US Catholic charities in changing the culture of poor children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Manhattan Institute • Autumn 1998

Federal Support for Early Childhood Programs: Caution is Needed
This article argues that non-parental care, including daycare and early childhood education programs, undermines the family.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Heritage Foundation • March 29, 1991

Parental Work, Child-Care Use and Young Children's Cognitive Outcomes
This paper researches the effects of parental employment and the use of child-care programs on a child's cognitive development.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Statistics Canada • October 01, 2003

Child Maltreatment in Foster Care: A Study of Retrospective Reporting
This study attempts to determine the degree to which maltreatment reports from children in foster care are retrospective, and therefore occurred before being placed in foster care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Children and Family Research Center • not available

Foster Care: Agencies Face Challenges Securing Stable Homes for Children of Substance Abusers
This report investigates the prevalence and characteristics of parental substance abuse among foster children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• United States General Accounting Office • September 1998

Profile of Preschool Children's Child Care and Early Education Program Participation
This paper examines children's rates of overall participation in non-parental care including the average hours of weekly use, the various types of early education programs, and the impact of maternal employment on the utilization of these programs.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Center for Education Statitistics • February 1993

Characteristics of Children's Early Care and Education Programs
This report looks at the characteristics of the early care and education programs children receive.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Center for Education Statistics • June 1998

Participation of Kindergartners through Third-Graders in Before- and After-School Care
This paper discusses rates of children's participation of different forms of nonparental care before and after school, the amount of time they spend in care, and the financial cost of this care for parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Center for Education Statistics • August 1999

Before- and After-School Care, Programs, and Activities of Children in Kindergarten Through Eighth Grade: 2001
This report looks at the number of children who receive nonparental before and after school care, and at the types of arrangements made by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Center for Education Statistics • April 2004

The Hours That Children Under Five Spend in Child Care: Variations Across States
This article examines the number of hours American pre-school aged children spend in child care each year due to maternal employment.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • March 2000

Who's Minding the Kids? Child Care Arrangements: Spring 1997
This paper examines the use of child care in the United States, including the type of care used, the number of hours spent in care, and the cost of care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• US Census Bureau • July 2002

Kinship Care Report: Review and Analysis of Federal and State Laws, Policies and Procedures
This paper discusses laws, policies and legal proceedings that relate to kinship care in the United States.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Georgia Health Policy Center • December 2001

Kinship Care in Texas
This paper discusses laws, policies, and procedures related to child protection services and kinship care in Texas.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Center for Public Policy Priorities • May 2004

The Use of Grandparents as Child Care Providers
This paper examines the effect of family ties, maternal preferences, and family geographic proximity on a mother's decision to use grandparents as primary childcare providers.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Center for Demography and Ecology University of Wisconsin-Madison • 1999

Adoption: Numbers and Trends
This brief fact sheet addresses the number of adoptions in the US for various years and states, as well as the different types of adoption including public, private, kinship, stepparent and international.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families • 2000

Statistics of Education: Care Leavers, 2002–2003, England
This paper provides statistical information pertaining to the educational qualifications of youths who aged out of foster care or other forms of non-parental care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Office for National Statistics • November 2003

The Availability of Child Care Centers in China and its Impact on Child Care and Maternal Work Decisions
This study provides evidence that maternal employment and nonparental child care utilization in urban China are significantly affected by the availability of centre-based child care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• RAND Labor and Population Program • December 2002

Parental Leave Policies: An Essential Ingredient in Early Childhood Education and Care Policies
This report compares parental leave policies in the United States to those in Europe and argues that more should be done in the United States to assist families and support mothers in the workforce.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Society for Research in Child Development • 2000

Sibling Relationship in Out-of-Home Care Literature Review
This literature review examines the importance of sibling relationships in out-of-home care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Children and Family Research Center • December 2002

Well-Being Outcomes of Children in Kinship Care Literature Review
This literature review examines the well-being of children in kinship care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Children and Family Research Center • June 2003

Caregiving Environments of Kinship Care Literature Review
This paper reviews the available literature about kinship care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Children and Family Research Center • July 2003

Placement Stability Study
This study examines the foster care system's ability to place children in stabilized care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Children and Family Research Center • June 1999

Educational Attainment and First Births: East Germany Before and After Unification
This paper demonstrates that the delaying effects of high educational attainment on childbearing are less pronounced in East Germany than in West Germany, both before and after unification.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research • December 2000

Evaluating Replacement Childcare Arrangements: Methods for Combining Economic and Child Development Outcome Analyses
This paper discusses the frequent need for nonparental care arrangements in South Africa and proposes a model to aid decision makers in selecting the most appropriate form of care for children in different situations.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Child, Youth and Family Development, Human Sciences Research Council • 2005

Does Biological Relatedness Affect Survival?
This paper studies child survival in a Ugandan community in which many children are either orphaned or in foster care arrangements.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research • May 07, 2003

Formal and Informal Kinship Care
This report examines the characteristics of children living in kinship care arrangements and describes recent trends in the use of this type of care in the United States.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services • June 20, 1997

In Danger of Falling Through the Cracks: Children of Arrested Parents
This report examines the welfare of children whose mothers are arrested, and finds that many children are left in dangerous or unsafe environments.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• California Research Bureau • April 01, 2002

Quebec Family Policy: Impact and Options
This paper offers an overview of Quebec’s policy reforms and social policy objectives regarding government assistance to families, accessibility of daycare, poverty, work incentives for low-income families, and education changes.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• IRPP • January 01, 2000

Children Cared for by Relatives: What Services Do They Need?
This paper explores the option of kinship care and looks at its impact on child welfare.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • June 01, 2002

Preventing Crime With Quality Child Care: A Critical Investment in Ohio's Safety
This report argues that, since research shows that early childhood education and after school programs for children serve to reduce potential criminality later in life, it is vital to invest in such programs.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Fight Crime: Invest in Kids • 2004

Caring and Learning Environments: Quality in Regulated Family Child Care Across Canada
This study, the third in the 'You Bet I Care' series, looks specifically at in-home daycare services, compares the quality of such care to more formal daycare providers across Canada, and summarizes the factors that optimize child care quality.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Centre for Families, Work and Well-Being, University of Guelph, Ontario • 2000

Flexible Child Care in Canada: A Report on Child Care for Evenings, Overnight and Weekends, Emergencies and Ill Children, and in Rural Areas
This paper discusses possible ways to meet the needs of families with unusual or exceptional child care issues.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Childcare Resource and Research Unit • 1994

You Bet I Care! Policies and Practices in Canadian Family Child Care Agencies
This paper provides the results of a survey given to child care agencies in Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Centre for Families, Work and Well-Being, University of Guelph • 2001

Children in Low-Income Families Are Less Likely to Be in Center-Based Child Care
This brief paper discusses the differences in the use of child care by low and high income families.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • November 01, 2003

Measuring Non-Parental Care in the NLSCY: Content and Process Issues
This paper examines the content and process issues in how the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) collects its data on non-parental care and its effect on children’s outcomes.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Human Resources Development Canada • August 01, 1999

Family Law and Child Protection
This report arises from the work of the Family Law Council on the interaction between the state and federal systems when child protection issues arise in cases under the Family Law Act.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Commonwealth of Australia • September 01, 2002

Foster Children Placed with Relatives Often Receive Less Government Help
This paper demonstrates that kin foster parents often receive fewer government services, and are less likely to ask for help, either because they are afraid of losing the child or because they are unaware of the services available.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Urban Institute • April 01, 2003

Demographic Change, Children's Families, and Child Support Policy in the United States
This paper discusses the fact that many children do not live with their biological parents and criticizes reforms to the child support system that emphasize biological ties over social ties.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Institute for Research on Poverty • June 01, 1994

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: New Jersey
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in New Jersey, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

Before and After School Care, Programs and Activities of Children in Kindergarten through Eighth Grade: 2001
This paper examines the types, characteristics and preferability of various childcare arrangements and after-school activities, as well as the extent to which children and their parents access these services.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics • April 01, 2004

The Continuing Evolution of State Kinship Care Policies
This paper presents the findings of a 2001 survey that examined states' approaches to kinship care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • December 01, 2002

What Happens When the School Year is Over? The Use and Costs of Child Care for School-Age Children During the Summer Months
This paper examines the child care arrangments made by parents of six- to twelve-year-olds during the summer months, and the amount spent on child care during this period.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • June 01, 2002

Primary Childcare Arrangements of Employed Parents: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families
This paper provides information about working parents' primary care arrangements for their children aged 0-12.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • May 01, 2002

Child Care Subsidies Promote Mothers’ Employment and Children's Development
This paper provides an overview of research on the relationship between accessible child care, mother's employment, and children's development, and offers suggestions for improving child care subsidies.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Institute for Women's Policy Research • October 01, 2003

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: Washington
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in Washington, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: California
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in California, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: Florida
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in Florida including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

nhancing Parent-Child Interaction During Foster Care Visits: Experimental Assessment of an Intervention
This report presents the results of an intervention that provided mothers whose children were in foster care with strategies for supporting and separating from their children at the end of a visit.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Children and Family Research Center • 2003

Children Looked After in England: 2002-2003
This paper presents statistical information pertaining to the number of children in nonparental care, the reasons for removal from their homes, and the ethnic makeup and characteristics of these children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Office for National Statistics Department for Education and Skills • November 01, 2003

Government and Parenting: Is There a Case for a Policy Review and a Parents' Code?
This report addresses such issues as financial support, child care assistance, and the definition of who is a parent.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2003

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: Massachusetts
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in Massachusetts, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

Child Protection Australia 2002–03
This paper investigates child abuse and child protection services in Australia, including protection orders, foster home care, and legal proceedings.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare • 2004

Impact of TANF on State Kinship Foster Care Program
This paper looks at the way in which the 1996 welfare reforms and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program affected state kinship foster care policies, the foster care caseload, and the well-being of children in kinship foster care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Children and Family Research Center • February 01, 2001

Unsupervised Time: Family and Child Factors Associated with Self-Care
This report provides information about the extent to which children in the United States are left to care for themselves during after-school hours, and suggests some particular family and child characteristics that are assoicated with an increased likelihood that children and adolescents will be left at home unsupervised.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • November 01, 2003

Reforming Quebec's Early Childhood Education and Care: The First Five Years
This report discusses Quebec's plan for reforming its child care system by creating a child benefit for low-income families, ensuring high quality services, and improving its parental insurance plan.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Childcare Resource and Research Unit • April 01, 2002

Statistics of Education: Children's Daycare Facilities at 31 March 2001 England
This report provides statistical information on the number of day nurseries, playgroups, childminders, after-school clubs and holiday programs available for children under eight in England in 2001.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Statistics: Department for Education and Skills • October 01, 2001

Provision for Children Under Five Years of Age in England - January 2003
This statistical bulletin provides data pertaining to the number of three and four year olds in England who are receiving private, voluntary, independent, and maintained child care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Office for National Statistics Department for Education and Skills • May 27, 2004

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: Michigan
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in Michigan, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: Alabama
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in Alabama including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

The Effects of Early Maternal Employment on Children’s Cognitive Outcomes: The Canadian Experience
This paper demonstrates that maternal employment has a significant negative effect on children's early verbal skills, but not on their math skills.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Statistics Canada • April 01, 2004

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: Mississippi
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in Mississippi, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: Minnesota
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in Minnesota, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: New York
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in New York, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

Finding Permanent Homes for Foster Children: Issues Raised by Kinship Care
This paper examines the impact of kinship care on a child's likelihood of being adopted.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • April 01, 2003

Australian Social Trends 1998: Family - Family Services: Child Care
This paper presents statistics on childcare trends in Australia, including reasons for use, cost, hours of use, and type of childcare available.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Australian Bureau of Statistics • January 26, 2000

State Child Care Profile for Children With Employed Mothers: Texas
This paper provides an extensive account of child care practices in Texas, including information on the types and number of child care programs utilized by parents.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Urban Institute • February 01, 2001

Two Policy Paradigms: Family Responsibility and Investing in Children
This paper maps the changes in social policy and governance caused by the shift from a “Family Responsibility Paradigm” to an “Investing in Children Paradigm”, and examines the strengths and weaknesses of both paradigms in response to high rates of child poverty in Canada.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Canadian Policy Research Networks • February 01, 2001

Neo-Conservatism and Child Care Services in Alberta: A Case Study
This paper looks at the child care system in Alberta, ...
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Childcare Resource and Research Unit • 1997

Child Care by Kith and Kin: Supporting Family, Friends, and Neighbors Caring for Children
This report looks at the research on childcare by friends and relatives, particularly in low income communities.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Center for Children in Poverty • 1998

A Study of Family, Child Care and Well-Being in Young Canadian Families
Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), this study examined the effects child care has on child development, and what factors predict a family’s use of child care.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Human Resources Development Canada • March 01, 2001

More Than the Sum of the Parts: An Early Childhood Development System for Canada
That paper advocates the creation of a system of child care in which every community has access to early childhood education and care, combined with family supports.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• Childcare Resource and Research Unit • October 01, 2000

Families and Work in the Twenty-First Century
This report draws together the findings of a number of studies into work-family balance, with particular attention paid to such themes as the effect of work on family life, employers' perspectives on their role in work-family relations, and the relationship between work, family, and community resources.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2003

Statistics of Education: Children's Daycare Facilities at 31 March 2000 England
This report provides statistical information on the number of day nurseries, playgroups, childminders, after-school clubs and holiday programs available for children under eight in England in 2000.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Nonparental Care
• National Statistics: Department for Education and Skills • October 01, 2000