Partner Violence, Attitudes to Child Discipline & Use of Corporal Punishment: A South African National Survey
This report presents the results of a survey that investigated the experience of partner violence and attitudes towards childrearing and the use of corporal punishment in South Africa.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Child, Youth and Family Development, Human Sciences Research Council • 2004

Discipline of the Child – Corporal Punishment: A Scientific Review of its Use in Discipline
This policy paper from the American College of Pediatricians examines corporal punishment by examining the discipline process and reviewing the current research related to parental disciplinary spanking.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• American College of Pediatricians • December 2007

Guidelines for Parental Use of Disciplinary Spanking
This brief outlines the American College of Pediatricians’ guidelines for parental corporal discipline.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• American College of Pediatricians • 2007

What's at the Heart of the Canadian Family?
This study asked roughly 4000 Canadians at different life stages about their perceptions of family life today.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Institute of Marriage and Family Canada • September 20, 2007

On the Receiving End: Young Adults Describe their Parent’s Use of Physical Punishment and Other Disciplinary Measures During Childhood
This study examines the prevalence, nature and context of physical punishment and other forms of parental discipline experienced during childhood by a study group of adults in New Zealand.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• The New Zealand Medical Journal • January 27, 2006

The Role of the Family in Democracy: Obstacle or Necessity?
This paper discusses democracy and the family, and looks at how these two roads intersect in terms of parental authority, educational autonomy and definition of family.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Centre for Cultural Renewal • 1997

Physical Punishment of Children
This paper looks at the prevalence of physical punishment in Canada, the characteristics of children most at risk, and the characteristics of parents most likely to use physical punishment.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare • 2004

The Power of Parenting TV Programmes – Help or Hazard for Today’s Families?
This survey examines the popularity and influence of parenting television shows among parents in Great Britain.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• National Family and Parenting Institute • October 2006

A Longitudinal Analysis of Family Relationships and Children's School Achievement in One- and Two-Parent Families
This paper analyzes data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) and assesses how factors such as family structure, family processes, and child characteristics are associated with teachers’ judgments of children’s academic success.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Social Development Canada • June 2000

Protecting Parental Liberty in a Child-Centered Legal System
This paper analyzes the balance between parental autonomy and the state's responsibility in protecting children from parental abuse.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Centre for Cultural Renewal • July 27, 2005

Canadian Attitudes on the Family
This survey asked a broad range of questions dealing with all aspects of the attitudes of Canadians toward marital and family satisfaction, work/family balance, taxation, family size, the impacts of cohabitation, divorce, same-sex marriage, parenting and the impact of children on marital satisfaction, and the significance of religion.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Focus on the Family (Canada) • June 01, 2002

Who Killed School Discipline?
This article examines parents’ concern over the lack of discipline in public schools.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• The Manhattan Institute • Spring 2000

Corporal Punishment Experienced by University Students in 17 Countries and its Relation to Assault and Injury of Dating Partners
This study finds a positive correlation between the degree of corporal punishment experienced as a teenager and the likelihood that a young adult will approve of and commit violence against a dating partner.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• University of New Hamsphire • c. 2004

Verbal Aggression by Parents and Pyschosocial Problems of Children
This article describes the relationship between parental verbal aggression and child aggression, delinquency, and interpersonal difficulties.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Pergamon Press • 1991

The Benefits of Never Spanking: New and More Definitive Evidence
This book chapter discusses social science research that demonstrates the benefits of avoiding corporal punishment and offers an estimate of the overall benefits to children, families and society if all forms of physical punishment were to end.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Transaction Publishers • 2001

Violence By Children Against Mothers in Relation to Violence Between Parents and Corporal Punishment by Parents
This study investigates the dynamics of violence by children towards their mothers, and explores the contributing role of male-perpetrated spousal assault, corporal punishment, and child abuse to this behaviour.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Journal of Comparative Family Studies • January 01, 2003

Corporal Punishment and Academic Achievement Scores of Young Children: A Longitudinal Study
This paper provides evidence that corporal punishment may lead to decreased academic performance among children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Family Research Laboratory • 2003

Corporal Punishment by American Parents: National Data on Prevalence, Chronicity, Severity, and Duration, in Relation to Child and Family Characteristics
This article presents data from a 1995 survey of American parents concerning the prevalence, frequency, severity, and duration of the use corporal punishment on children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Plenum Publishing Corporation • 1999

Child, Maternal, and Family Characteristics Associated with Spanking
This article presents statistical information relating to maternal use of corporal punishment in the United States and examines variations in this pattern by age, socio-economic status, gender, marital status, race, religion, geographic location, and community characteristics.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Family Relations • April 1995

Why Do We Condone the Physical Assault of Children by their Parents and Caregivers?
In this paper the authors examine the legal sanction of the physical punishment of children in Australia, and outline what they believe to be acceptable and moral guidelines for the discipline of children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Australian Childhood Foundation • July 1999

Please Don’t Hit Me: Community Attitudes about the Physical Discipline of Children
This paper reports the findings of a survey that investigated the attitudes of Australian adults towards the physical punishment of children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Australian Childhood Foundation • Juy 2002

Physical Punishment of Children: International Legal Developments
This paper examines international laws pertaining to the abolition and/or limitation of the physical punishment of children in homes and schools.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Children’s Issues Centre, University of Otago • March 2005

Corporal Punishment as a Stressor Among Youth
This article examines the effects of frequency of corporal punishment on the mental and emotional well-being of youth, as determined by psychological distress and clinical depression.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Journal of Marriage and the Family • February 1996

Disciplining Children in Québec: Parenting Norms and Practices in 2004
This paper describes the results of a survey that investigated prevalence trends in mothers' attitudes towards and use of non-violent punishment, physical violence, and psycholgocial aggression to discipline their children in Quebec.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Institut de la Statistique du Québec, • 2005

Combining Love and Limits in Authoritative Parenting: A Conditional Sequence Model of Disciplinary Responses
This paper examines the benefits and effectiveness of an authoritative parenting style and it advocates the use of both reasoning and punishment to correct a child's behaviour.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• University of Wisconsin-Madison • 1998

Physical Abuse of Children in the Context of Punishment
This information sheet explains provincial, territorial and national legislation pertaining to physical punishment in Canada, and examines the prevalence of punishment abuse.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare • 2004

Public Opinion and Behaviors Regarding Child Abuse Prevention: 1999 Survey
This paper presents the results of a survey that investigated public perceptions of corporal punishment and parental discipline practices.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• National Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research • November 1999

Understanding Aggression with Adolescent Girls: Implications for Policy and Practice
This paper discusses the results of a study on adolescent girls and their experiences with physical and verbal fights, both with their parents and friends.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• University of Western Ontario • 2001

The Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law V. The Attorney General of Canada
This is the appeal court's ruling on whether or not Parliament's decision not to criminalize corporal punishment violates the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Court of Appeal for Ontario • January 15, 2002

Do Good Partners Make Good Parents? Relationship Quality and Parenting in Married and Unmarried Families
This study demonstrates that positive mother-father relationships are associated with higher quality parent-child relationships.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • Revised June 2004

Closeness, Authority and Independence in Families With Teenagers
This paper looks at public perceptions about parenting, discipline, parental authority, and parent-teen relationships.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • March 2001

Parent-Child Relationships
This document provides information on children's development and needs, as well as on the role of parents in fostering healthy relationships with their children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Health Canada • February 1993

Corporal Punishment by Parents: The Cradle of Violence in the Family and Society
This article compares corporal punishment to other forms of family violence and describes its widespread use in American families.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• The Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law • Fall 2000

Corporal Punishment of Adolescents and Academic Attainment
In this paper the authors review findings relating to the prevlanence and frequency of corporal punishment use by American parents and hypothesize that the more corporal punishment a child experiences, the less likely it is that he/she will complete a post-secondary education.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Family Research Laboratory • April 07, 1995

There Was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe: Number of Children and Corporal Punishment
This paper discusses some of the potentially negative consequences of corporal punishment and demonstrates that a positive correlation exists between family size and the frequency and duration of corporal punishment use.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Family Research Laboratory • August 09, 1997

Does Causally Relevant Research Support a Blanket Injunction Against Disciplinary Spanking By Parents?
This presentation focuses on the effect that corporal punishment (spanking) has on child and adolescent outcomes, and analyzes whether spanking is a causal risk factor for children and adolescents who experience problem behaviour and maladjustment.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Institute of Human Development • August 01, 2001

Child Abuse
This survey asked Canadian parents whether they had been given corporal punishment as a child, and whether and what kind of corrective methods they use on their children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Leger Marketing • February 11, 2002

Equal Protection for Children: An Overview of the Experiences of Countries that Accord Children Full Legal Protection from Physical Punishment
This report seeks to inform the debate around corporal punishment in the United Kingdom by documenting the experiences of eleven countries that have legislated against the use of physical punishment for children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children • 2002

Canadian Attitudes on Spanking - 1999
An Angus Reid/Globe and Mail/CTV poll in November 1999 determined that the vast majority of Canadians believe that spanking should not be made a criminal offence
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Angus Reid Group • 1999

Child Management in Middle-Class Families in the Early Twentieth Century: Reconsidering Fatherhood in a New Context
This paper documents a shift from the nineteenth century perception of fathers as breadwinners, household heads, and disciplinarians, towards an early twentieth century ideology that encourages warm father-child relationships and increased father involvement in the lives of their children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Center for Working Families • May 01, 2002

Parenting in Australian Families: A Comparative Study of Anglo,Torres Strait Islander, and Vietnamese Communities
This paper investigates the parenting practices of Australian families, and looks at how they are being influenced by social and cultural situations, beliefs and practices.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Australian Institute of Family Studies • 2000

African American Adolescent Girls in Impoverished Communities: Quality of Parenting and Adolescent Outcomes
This paper discusses the effect of parenting style and parental involvement on the behaviour, educational achievement, employment, sexual activity and pregnancy history of young black girls living in poverty.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• The Joint Center for Poverty Research • June 14, 1999

Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (Attorney General)
This court decision of July 5, 2000 deals with section 43 of the Criminal Code -- reasonable discipline (corporal punishment)-- and examines the extent to which parents and teachers may use force to correct children.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Ontario Court of Appeal • July 05, 2000

Disciplining Children: Research With Parents in Scotland
This paper explores parental views on discipline, both physical and non-physical, and on the acceptability of spanking and its role in parenting and in family life.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Scottish Executive Central Research Unit • 2002

The Parent-Teen Relationship: How Parents Can Make the Most Out Of It
This document gives a brief description of the struggles adolescents face in society today, the importance of a good parent-teen relationship, and parenting strategies for positive discipline and effective communication.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Health Canada • 1995

The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime: The Breakdown of Marriage, Family, and Community
This paper provides an in-depth look at the pyschological and sociological determinants of criminal behaviour, including lack of parental discipline, fatherless families, domestic violence, and parental abuse or neglect.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• The Heritage Foundation • March 17, 1995

Focused on their Families: Religion, Parenting, and Child Well-being
This study provides evidence that conservative religious convictions contribute to a positive, authoritative style of parenting that is associated with enhanced child outcomes.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • July 01, 2002

Locking up Parents? A Response to the Government' Consultation on the Physical Punishment of Children
This paper, published by the Christian Institute, presents a Biblical perspective on corporal punishment (spanking).
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• The Christian Institute • April 01, 2000

Where is Evidence That Non-Abusive Corporal Punishment Increases Aggression?
This paper questions the effectiveness of anti-spanking legislation by comparing rates of spanking, child abuse, and other forms of physical aggression in the United States and Sweden.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Biola University • August 18, 1996

Parental Disapproval of Youths' Substance Abuse
This study found that an overwhelming majority of youths believed that their parents would disapprove if they tried marijuana, had one or two drinks every day, or smoked one pack of cigarettes a day.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Office of Applied Studies: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration • August 30, 2002

Fathers’ Activities with Their Kids
This research brief looks at fathers' involvement in their children's everyday lives, school activities, rule making, and religious activities.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Child Trends • June 01, 2001

Fathers' Perceptions of Paternal Roles: Variations by Marital Status and Living Arrangement
This study asked fathers what they perceived to be their most important parental role: financial support, direct care, love and affection, protection, discipline, or teaching life lessons.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • October 01, 2003

Remarriage, Cohabitation, and Changes in Mothering Behavior
This paper investigates the extent to which cohabitation and remarriage affect single mothers' parenting in terms of parental supervision and time spent with children, patterns of disicpline and decision making, and relationship quality.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • May 01, 1998

Crime Prevention Starts at an Early Age
This document investigates the root causes of child criminality and victimization, and focuses on crime prevention through community efforts and social development.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• The Caledon Institute of Social Policy • November 01, 2000

Spare the Rod? New Research Challenges Spanking Critics
This report looks at the arguments for and against spanking, and examines whether spanking distorts children’s perception of justice and harms their emotional development.
• Category: Parenthood/Childrearing > Discipline
• Family Research Council • August 01, 2001