Stress in America findings
This survey explores the amount and type of stress Americans experience, as well as its effects on their health, work and relationships.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• American Psychological Association • January 11, 2012

Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain
This paper monitors poverty in Britain and critiques the government's response.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2011

Life on a Low Income
This paper examines the nature and characteristics of the low-income lifestyle, and also looks at the impact of unemployment and poverty on family life and relationships.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • June 01, 1996

The Cost of Children and the Welfare State
This paper discusses the results from a study on the financial cost of children and the welfare, tax provisions, and income support for families with children in the UK.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • December 1995

Lone Mothers, Employment, and Well-Being
This paper examines the causes of economic and material hardship for lone mothers in the UK.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • September 01, 1997

The Long Term Effects for Children of Different Parental Backgrounds
This paper examines the impact of childhood experiences relating to family structure on adulthood views on parenting, family life and expectations, satisfaction, and emotional well-being.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • July 01, 1997

Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion 1999
This paper summarizes the findings of a larger report on poverty and social exclusion in Britain.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • December 01, 1999

Socio-Economic Disadvantage and Experience in Higher Education
This paper reports on trends in higher education for disadvantaged students, and finds that they are more likely to either not enroll in post-secondary education or to drop out before completing their program.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • May 01, 2003

How Parents Cope Financially on Marriage Breakdown
This paper examines the economic challenges that occur during the period of marriage breakdown, and looks at how spouses make the financial transition.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • April 01, 2000

The Financial Implications For Parents of the Death of a Child
This paper addressess the financial costs and economic hardship that arise from a child's death.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • February 01, 2001

The Characteristics of Mothers Separated from a Young Child
This paper investigates the determinants of maternal absence by examining the characteristics and life situations of mothers who live separately from a young child.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • April 29, 1999

Does the Loss of Welfare Income Increase the Risk of Involvement with the Child Welfare System?
This paper demonstrates that a decline in welfare benefits is associated with an increased likelihood of a family's involvement with the child welfare system.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joint Center for Poverty Research • January 01, 1999

Disadvantage Among Families Remaining on Welfare
This paper examines the characteristics of welfare recipients throughout the last decades of the twentieth century, and analyses changes that occurred as a result of the 1996 welfare reforms.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • February 2002

Explaining Why So Many Households Do Not Save
This paper explores household savings in terms of people's conscious decisions to plan for retirement.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • June 2000

Parental Job Loss and Early Adolescent Adjustment in Black and White Families
This study uses data from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey to assess the impact of parental job loss on adolescents' academic achievement, school attendance, and psychological adjustment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies • February 2002

Income Mobility and Exits from Poverty of American Children, 1970-1992
This paper examines child poverty rates during the 1970s and 1980s and looks at the extent to which children moved into and out of poverty during this period.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • August 1999

Gender Inequality in Poverty in Affluent Nations: The Role of Single Motherhood and the State
This paper discusses gender differences in poverty in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, West Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • January 05, 2000

Welfare Reform and Migration: Moving to Benefits; Moving From Restrictions
This report discusses the impact of state differentiated welfare reform policies on the migration patterns of American families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • December 2002

Explaining Child Support Trends: Economic, Demographic, and Policy Effects
This paper examines trends in the payment of child support between 1967 and 1997.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • January 08, 2002

Before and After Welfare Reform: The Work and Well-Being of Low-Income Single Parent Families
This paper addresses the income, employment characteristics, financial status, and demographic trends in poor homes both before and after welfare reform.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Women’s Policy Research • June 01, 2003

Parental Care: The Latest, Greatest Challenge for Baby Boomers
This article analyzes the baby boomers' challenge: caring for their elderly parents or other loved ones.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Ipsos-Reid • May 01, 2003

Eradicating Child Poverty in Britain: Welfare Reform and Children since 1997
Child poverty has become a social concern in Great Britain due to the growth of single-parent homes, earning inequalities, and unemployment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Institute For Fiscal Studies • May 03, 2001

Understanding the Early Years: Early Childhood Development in Hampton/Sussex, New Brunswick
Using data from the the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), this report seeks to explain children's outcomes in terms of family background, family processes, and community factors.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • April 01, 2003

The Effect of Marriage on Child Poverty
This paper examines the economic outcomes of single-parent families and the growing levels of child poverty over the last several decades.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Heritage Foundation • April 15, 2002

After-School Programs for Low-Income Children: Promise and Challenges
This article looks at the range of after-school programs available for low-income children and discusses the challenges faced by these programs in terms of finding adequate facilities, staffing, and financing.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Future of Children • Fall 1999

Programs that Mitigate the Effects of Poverty on Children
This article outlines and assesses six public assistance programs that seek to reduce the impact of poverty on children by ensuring that they have access to such basic essentials as food, education, housing, and health care.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • Summer/Fall 1997

Why So Many Children Are Poor
Since children's economic status is generally dependent on that of their parents, this article looks at factors contributing to adult poverty in order to explain child poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Future of Children • Summer/Fall 1997

Low-Wage Maternal Employment and Outcomes for Children: A Study
This article reveals the results of national study to determine how children are affected by policies which put mothers who are on welfare into the workforce.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Future of Children • Spring 1997

Teenage Childbearing
This paper looks at the increasing rates of teenage pregnancies in the US and explores the effect that this trend has on adolescent girls and their infants.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Future of Children • 1992

Who's Wired and Who's Not: Children's Access to and Use of Computer Technology
This article discusses the significant inequalities in computer access among American children, and suggests that schools are in a key position to lessen this discrepancy and promote universal access to computer technology.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Future of Children • Fall/Winter 2000

Reducing Health Disparities Among Children
This article discusses the benefits and limitations of health insurance for children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Future of Children • 2003

Which Children are Still Uninsured And Why
This report analyzes recent trends in health insurance coverage and finds that although programs such as Medicaid have successfully increased coverage, about 12% of children remain uninsured.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Future of Children • 2003

Marriage and Economic Well Being: The Economy of the Family Rises or Falls with Marriage
The study ties the continuance of marriage to improved economic circumstances including more wealth and less poverty for families, children, and society.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Family Research Council • May 2011

Aboriginal education in Quebec: A benchmarking exercise
This article looks at what can be done to address the high drop-out rate among Aboriginal high-school students in Quebec.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• C.D. Howe Institute • April 2011

Where is the Money Now: The State of Canadian Household Debt as Conditions for Economic Recovery Emerge
This report examines Canadians’ household wealth and indebtedness and explores the average Canadian’s perspective on debt and saving.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Certified General Accountants Association of Canada • May 2010

Sandbagging the Family: The impact of recession on couple and parenting relationships
This article examines the effects of global recession on the family.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Maxim Institute • September 15, 2009

Down but Not Out: Reforming Social Assistance Rules that Punish the Poor for Saving
This report addresses Canada's social assistance programs which requrie recipients to liquidate savings before qualifiying for benefits.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• C.D. Howe Institute • March 2, 2010

Dynamic Benefits Towards welfare that works
This executive summary provides highlights from a report on the rise of poverty and worklessness in the United Kingdom.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Social Justice • 2009

The Current State of Canadian Family Finances
This annual report examines family finances amid the economic recovery.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Vanier Institute of the Family • February 2010

The Financial Impact of Student Loans
With increasing postsecondary education costs, more students are relying on student loans to help finance their postsecondary education.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • January 2010

Intergenerational Education Mobility Among the Children of Canadian Immigrants
This report focuses on the education outcomes of children of immigrants.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • October 2008

Work, Income and Material Hardship After Welfare Reform
This report examines the employment trends, income, and material hardship of women who have previously been on welfare.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Gerald Ford School of Public Policy • October 1999 (Revised January 2000)

Welfare Reform: Adolescent Girls in Transition
This paper looks at the characteristics and outcomes of adolescent girls in welfare-reliant families affected by welfare reforms.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute • June 2002

The Value of Family: Fiscal Benefits of Marriage and Reducing Family Breakdown in New Zealand
This report examines the private and social costs of divorce and family breakdown in New Zealand.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• NZIER, Family First New Zealand • 2008

Five Good Reasons for States to Expand Family Coverage
This paper demonstrates that, despite initiatives to increase the number of people with health insurance, millions of Americans still are not insured.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Families USA • July 01, 2008

Understanding the Early Years: Early Childhood Development in Niagara Falls, Ontario
Using data from the the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), this report seeks to explain children's outcomes in terms of family background, family processes, and community factors.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • June 01, 2003

Child Support Enforcement: Incentives and Well-Being
This study examines the effectiveness of stronger child support enforcement, and assesses the impact of legislation and enforcement policies on the economic well-being of single mothers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • February 08, 2001

Wealth-Poor Households in the U.S.
This report examines the disadvantages faced by households with a net worth of less than $10 000, describes their characteristics, and seeks to understand what prevents these families from saving money and increasing their assets.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Consumer Federation of America • May 13, 2002

Beyond Job Search or Basic Education: Rethinking the Role of Skills in Welfare Reform
This paper argues that a combination of skills, training, and job search assistance is the best approach to helping welfare recipients return to and stay at work.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Law and Social Policy • April 01, 1998

Teens and TANF: How Adolescents Fare Under the Nation’s Welfare Program
This paper describes the history, main provisions, and impact of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), a welfare program focusing on financial assistance and employment for families living in poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation • December 01, 2003

Child Support—an Important but Often Overlooked Issue for Low-Income Clients
This article describes the importance of child support, the child support enforcement system, the cooperation requirements for state financial assistance, and the allocation of the collected support.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Law and Social Policy • November 01, 2002

A Century of Children's Health and Well-Being
This paper documents the tremendous improvements that have been made to children's health as a result of medical advances over the past century.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Trends • April 01, 2000

Family Ties: Improving Paternity Establishment Practices and Procedures for Low-Income Mothers, Fathers, and Children
This paper discusses the legal context of paternity establishment within the framework of welfare reform in the United States, and examines low-income mothers' and fathers' perspectives on paternity establishment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Women's Law Center, Center on Fathers, Families, and Public Policy • 2000

The Effect of Child Support and Criminal Justice Systems on Low-Income Noncustodial Parents
This paper discusses the use of the criminal justice system to enforce child support, the impact of incarceration on child support obligations, and the circumstances leading to parental imprisonment, and other difficulties faced by this demographic of fathers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Family Policy and Practice • June 2004

Family Structure, Intergenerational Mobility, and the Reproduction of Poverty: Evidence for Increasing Polarization?
This paper looks at the extent to which the intergenerational transmission of poverty and family structure, along with differential fertility, affects historical trends in the distribution of poverty and single-parenthood.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• California Center for Population Research • October 02, 2003

Father Absence and Youth Incarceration
This study examines the effect of father absence on youths' risk of arrest and incarceration.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • March 01, 2004

The Extent and Consequences of Underemployment in Australia
This paper examines the extent of underemployment in Australia, and its effects on income, welfare reliance, and personal perception of well-being.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research • August 2004

Understanding and Improving Data Quality Relating to Low-Income Households
This paper evaluates the reliability of methods used to collect information about the income and expenditures of low-income families in Australia.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research • July 2003

Connecting Kids to Technology: Challenges and Opportunities
This paper discusses the growing demand for computer literate labour, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring that children, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, have access to computer skills training.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Annie E. Casey Foundation • June 01, 2002

The Absence of Father: Effects on Children's Development and Family Functioning
This paper investigates the effects of single parenthood on children’s social and cognitive development, academic achievement, and overall welfare.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center on Fathers and Families • August 01, 1995

Work, Welfare, and Family Well-Being
This paper examined how post-welfare employment affects parental self-esteem, parenting skills, health and stress levels.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Mathematica Policy Research • July 13, 2007

Effects of Child Health on Sources of Public Support
This paper documents the financial hardship experienced by mothers who have children in poor health.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • August 2004

Household Responses to Individual Shocks: Disability and Labor Supply
This article examines the effects that individual shock like jobloss and disability have on the economic wellbeing of households.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Labour Market and Skills Researcher Network • May 2009

Low Income Cut-Offs for 2008 and Low Income Measures for 2007.
This publication incorporates a detailed description of how low income cut-offs are updated and how low income measures are decided upon.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • June 2009

The Spread of Single-Parent Families in the United States since 1960
This paper discusses the growth in the number of single-parent families in the United States since the 1960s, and highlights the implications of this for child development, economics, and the moral fabric of society.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government • February 2004 (Revised June 2004)

Promoting Fathers' Engagement With Children: Preventive Interventions for Low-Income Families
This study evaluates the impact of three types of programs that aim to enhance father involvement n low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Journal of Marriage and Family • August 2009

Self-Reported Violent Delinquency and the Influence of School, Neighbourhood and Student Characteristics
This study examined the influence of school, surrounding neighbourhood—defined as the area within one-kilometre of a school—and student characteristics on the likelihood of student violent delinquency.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • September 2009

How Different ARE Welfare and Working Families? And Do Those Differences Matter for Children's Achievement
This paper examines differences between welfare reliant, low-income, and middle class families in terms of mental health, time use, household management, spending, parenting, and child achievement.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • May 20, 1998

Fragile Families One Year Later: Oakland California
This paper examines the characteristics of unwed parents in Oakland, California and the degree to which they are economically stable.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Public Policy Institute of California • October 01, 2002

Death and Divorce: The Long-Term Consequences of Parental Loss on Adolescents
This paper focuses on the impact of parental loss on children's futures by studying both the incomes and the marital and fertility behaviour of adults who, as adolescents, experienced parental divorce.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • June 09, 1999

The Effects of Children with Disabilities on Mothers Exits from Welfare
This paper examines the effect of child disability on single mothers' ability to leave welfare and return to work.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • September 20-21, 2001

Barriers to the Employment of Welfare Recipients
This paper studies the extent to which welfare-reliant single mothers experience barriers to employment such as poor physical or mental health, domestic violence, a lack of transportation, low skill, and substance abuse problems.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Center • June 2002

Public Attitudes Toward Low-Income Families and Children: Circumstances Dictate Public Views of Government Assistance
This report discusses recent research about public attitudes toward low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • October 2003

Mothers’ Labor Supply in Fragile Families: The Role of Child Health
This paper examines the extent to which unwed mothers' ability to work is affected by poor child health.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • December 01, 2003

Child Support Distribution and Disbursement
This report reviews the changes to child support distribution that came as a result of the 1996 welfare reform laws in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Law and Social Policy • October 01, 2000

Low-Income Fathers and Child Support: Starting Off on the Right Track
This paper examines the importance of child support in single-parent families, major problems of the child support system, and ways in which state programs can improve the situation.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Policy Studies Inc. • January 01, 2003

Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment
This study compares the outcomes of teenage mothers to those who became pregnant as teenagers, miscarried, and delayed childbearing until adulthood.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • August 1999

Every Door Closed: Facts about Parents with Criminal Records
This series of fact sheets provides information about parents with criminal records, the many barriers they face in rebuilding their lives, the impact parental criminality has on children, and what can be done to help.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Law and Social Policy • 2003

Poverty, Parenting, Peers and Crime-Prone Neighbourhoods
This paper examines how parenting and peer relationships contribute to youth crime by acting as mediators between economic hardship and delinquency.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Australian Institute of Criminology • April 01, 1998

Life Sentences: Denying Welfare Benefits to Women Convicted of Drug Offenses
This study discusses the policy of denying welfare benefits to women released from prison after incarceration for a drug offence, and examines the impact that this has on their families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Sentencing Project • February 01, 2002

Family Poverty in Canada: Raising incomes and strengthening families
The purpose of this paper is to examine the recent history and impact of poverty on Canadian families, to identify which family groups are most at risk and to offer solutions which both reduce poverty and strengthen the family unit in this country.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Institute of Marriage and Family Canada • September 1, 2007

Breakthrough Britain: Economic Dependence and Worklessness (ie: Unemployment)
This continuation of the Breakthrough Britain series examines the situation in Britain with respect to unemployment (which the report calls worklessness) and unemployment benefits.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Social Justice • July 2007

Child Poverty Profile 1998
This report offers a statistical analysis of child poverty in Canada in 1998 as compared to previous years, and considers various factors associated with child poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Council of Welfare • 2000

Poverty and Child Well-Being in Canada and the United States: Does it Matter How We Measure Poverty?
This paper examines the ways in which different poverty measurement techniques affect our understanding of the scope and nature of child poverty and well-being in Canada and the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • September 01, 2000

The Value of Family: Fiscal Benefits of Marriage and Reducing Family Breakdown in New Zealand
This report examines the private and social costs of divorce and family breakdown in New Zealand.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• NZIER, Family First New Zealand • 2008

The Welfare Enigma: Explaining the Dramatic Decline in Canadian’s Use of Social Assistance, 1993-2005
This paper uses nationwide empirical evidence to determine the factors behind a decline in the use of social assistance in Canada from 1993 to 2005.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• C.D. Howe Institute • June 2008

Breakdown Britain: Indebtedness
A 2006 State of the Nation report which studies the state of indebtedness of British society, examining levels of debt and how this debt affects low inome families and society at large.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Cente for Social Justice • December 14, 2006

Breakthrough Britain: Serious Personal Debt
This 2007 British State of the Nation report offers policy alternatives to change the culture of Britain with respect to peronal debt.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Social Justice • July 2007

Welfare Reform: What About the Children?
This paper explores the development and behaviour of children on welfare.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Johns Hopkins University • January 2002

Father Absence and Child Well-being: A Critical Review
This paper investigates the relationship between father absence and child outcomes, including academic performance, levels of educational attainment, psychological well-being, behaviour, and early life transitions.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • November 2002

Earnings of Black and White Youth and Their Relation to Poverty
This paper examines the relationship between family poverty and youth employment for black and white families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • August 01, 1997

Children of Immigrants: A Statistical Profile
This report discusses the economic hardships of immigrant children in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • September 2002

Children in Immigrant Families: U.S. and State-Level Findings From the 2000 Census
This paper uses data from the 2000 US census to provide an overview of the characteristics and well-being of children who live in immigrant families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Annie E. Casey Foundation, The Population Reference Bureau • January 2005

Geography of Low-Income Children and Families
This paper looks at the impact that geographic location has on the changing demographics of child poverty in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • November 01, 2003

Does Policy Affect Outcomes for Young Children? An Analysis with International Microdata
This paper examines the hypothesis that outcomes for children are impacted by micro-level socioeconomic conditions, social context, and social policy.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • August 01, 1999

Strengthening Couples and Marriage in Low-Income Communities
This paper discusses the importance of and challenges to promoting marriage in low-income communities, with a particular focus on the situation among urban African-Americans.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Resource Center on Couples and Marriage Policy, Center for Law and Social Policy • 2002

A Comparison of Rural and Urban Workers Living in Low-Income
This article compares the characteristics of the Canada’s urban and rural low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Rural Secretariat, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agriculture Division of Statistics Canada • January 2008

Déjà Vu: Family Homelessness in New York City
This report examines the characteristics of children and families who enter shelter services in New York City.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Children and Poverty/Homes for the Homeless • April 2001

The Effect of Labor Market Changes from the Early 1970s to the Late 1980s on Youth Wage, Earnings, and Household Economic Position
This paper looks at the employment outcomes of high- and low-skilled youth in different economic periods.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • September 01, 1998

Stress In America
This survey explored the amount and type of stress Americans experience as well as its effects on their health, work and relationships.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• American Psychological Association • October 24, 2007

Changes in Poverty Status and Developmental Behaviors: A Comparison of Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Children in Canada
Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, this study examines how immigrant and non-immigrant family pathways and child development (ages 4 to 11) are affected by family income.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • August 01, 2000

Children of Recent Immigrants: National and Regional Trends
This report analyses national US trends in the well-being and characteristics of children born to recent immigrants.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • December 2004

The State of Religion and Public Life
This presenter rebuts many of the claims made against government funding for services run by faith-based organizations, such ...
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Civic Innovation at the Manhattan Institute • May 21, 2002

The Well-Being of Single-Mother Families After Welfare Reform
This report examines the impact welfare changes had on single mothers in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Brookings Institution • August 2005

Do Children from Welfare Families Obtain Less Education?
This paper presents evidence that children whose parents rely on welfare have significantly lower levels of educational attainment as adults.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • December 01, 2000

The Education and Labor Market Outcomes of Adolescent Fathers
This paper looks at the long-term outcomes for men who were teen fathers and finds that they generally have lower levels of education and overall earnings.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • August 01, 1993

Boom Times a Bust: Declining Employment Among Less Educated Young Men
This paper examines employment rates of young males with a high school diploma or less.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Law and Social Policy • July 01, 2003

Children At Risk: State Trends 1990-2000
This comprehensive report provides a state-by-state analysis of changes in child well-being from 1990-2000.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Annie E. Casey Foundation • August 01, 2002

Built to Last: Why Skills Matter for Long-Run Success in Welfare Reform
This report discusses the association between education and better jobs, and criticizes the restrictions placed on education by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families welfare reform program.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Law and Social Policy • April 01, 2003

Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY
This report looks at the association between long-term poverty and developmental deficits among children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • September 01, 1994

Suicide in Canada
This paper looks at the extent of suicide in Canada, the factors that contribute to suicidal tendencies, and the preventative measures available.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Health Canada • 1994

Are Public Housing Projects Good For Kids?
This paper finds that public housing projects have a positive effect on housing quality and children's educational attainment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • July 1999

The Changing Face of Child Poverty in California
This report provides a picture of the particular nature of child poverty in California.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • August 01, 2002

California's Young Children: Demographic, Social, and Economic Conditions
This paper examines the welfare of California's children and assesses the social, economic, and family factors which are having an impact on their well-being.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Public Policy Institute of California • November 01, 2002

Trailing the Class: Sole Parent Families and Educational Disadvantage
This paper explores the relationship between lower levels of academic achievement and family structure.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Independent Studies • June 26, 2000

Rate of Children in Low-Income Families Varies Widely by State
This fact sheet outlines state differences in the percentage of children living in low-income families in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • September 2004

Health is Cool Volume 2: 2007 Survey on Canadian Attitudes towards Physical and Mental Health at Work and Play
This survey of 1508 Canadians examines public opinion about stress, work-life balance and mental health.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Desjardins Financial Security • May 7, 2007

Linking Family Change, Parents’ Employment and Income and Children’s Economic Well-Being: A Longitudinal Perspective
Using data from the first two phases of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, this paper examines family income before and after family transitions such as separation and divorce.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Department of Justice Canada • 2003

Employment, Earnings Supplements, and Mental Health: A Controlled Experiment
This paper explores the relationship between employment and mental health, and evaluates the cost-effectiveness of the Self Sufficiency Project in terms of its policy of providing financial incentives for employment to those living on welfare.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Social Research and Demonstration Corporation • February 01, 2004

A Balancing Act: Sources of Support, Child Care, and Hardship Among Unwed Mothers
This report examines single mothers' patterns of reliance on social support, the child care arrangements they make, and the particular physical, emotional, and economic challenges that these women face.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Columbia University School of Social Work • 2002

How Does Adolescent Fertility Affect the Human Capital and Wages of Young Women?
This paper investigates the impact of teenage childbearing on the educational attainment, employment, and income of young women.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • September 01, 1997

Single motherhood and mental health: implications for primary prevention
This paper provides an extensive survey of research done on the health of single mothers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Medical Association • March 01, 1997

The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
This article looks at the impact of motherhood on women's income.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• American Sociological Review • April 01, 2001

Teen Parent Provisions in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
This paper examines the regulations, provisions, and purposes of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, otherwise known as the Welfare Reform Act of 1996.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Law and Social Policy • November 01, 1996

What Does Government Spend on Children: Evidence from Five Cities
This report provides information about government spending on services for children in five economically disadvantaged cities.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Brookings Institution • March 01, 2004

Making Ends Meet: Six Programs that Help Working Families and Employers
This paper reviews six programs intended to support working families: the Earned Income Tax Credit, food stamps, child care, health care, child support, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Law and Social Policy • June 01, 2002

Strengthening Couples and Marriage in Low-Income Communities
This paper examines characteristics of the poor and looks at how these factors are influencing the declining marriage rate of low income couples.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center on Law and Social Policy • 2002

From Cradle to Grave? The Lasting Impact of Childhood Health and Circumstance
This study found that poor childhood health has a negative effect on the education, employment, and health outcomes of these children as adults.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Health and Wellbeing • April 27, 2004

Economic Resources and Children’s Health and Success at School: An Analysis Using the NLSCY
This paper considers the influence economic resources have on children's outcomes, and what role health and educational development should play in the 'longer-term' success of the child.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • September 01, 2000

Effects of Neighbourhood, Family, and Child Behavior on Childhood Injury in Canada
Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), this study examines (1) how the relationship between family function and child injuries are mediated by parent and child behaviour, (2) whether family economic status or neighbourhood disadvantage are more strongly related to child injury, and (3) the developed model’s ability to predict child injury in two years.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • March 01, 2001

A Follow-up Study of Child Hunger in Canada
This is an analysis of child hunger data from the 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, and looks at the statistics of and factors associated with child hunger ...
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources and Skills Development of Canada • 2001

One out of Every Five: Teenage Motherhood and Subsequent Childbearing
This paper looks at the factors that influence subsequent childbearing among teenagers and examines the impact that this has on both the mother and the children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Law and Social Policy • August 01, 1998

Towards A New Architecture for Canada's Adult Benefits
This paper traces the development of Canada’s social security system, critiques the current system and offers suggestions for how that system could be improved.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Caledon Institute of Social Policy • June 2006

Gambling with our (Kids’) Futures: Gambling as a Family Policy Issue
This paper examines the impact of various forms of gambling on the Canadian family.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Vanier Institute of the Family • June 2006

Marriage In America: A Report to the Nation
This paper explores the state of marriage in th US and finds that it is rapidly deteriorating and, as a result, children are suffering.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for American Values • 1995

Child Issues
The "Features" section of this paper contains a compilation of articles relating to the well-being and best interests of children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Fraser Institute • June 01, 2001

The Legacy of Parental Divorce: Social, Economic and Demographic Experiences in Adulthood
This paper discusses the impact of childhood parental divorce and explores the extent to which divorce causes negative, long-term, educational, emotional, psychological, financial, and relational outcomes for children of divorce.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion • October 01, 1997

The Divorced and Who Divorces?
This paper looks at the background and characteristics of the divorced population in Britain in order to better understand the breakdown of marriage.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion • May 1998

The Effects of Marriage on Child Poverty
This paper examines the relationship between the increased number of single-parent homes and the levels of child poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Heritage Foundation • April 15, 2002

Making Marriage Matter
This lecture highlights the efforts of Frank Keating (the Governor of Oklahoma) to strengthen families and strengthen marriage in Oklahoma.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Heritage Foundation • September 27, 2000

The Top Ten Myths of Divorce
This article briefly addresses the ten top myths about divorce and covers topics such as cohabitation, remarriage, and stepparenting, as well as the effects of divorce upon finances and children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Rutgers State University • May 08, 2002

The Role of Parents in Children's Psychological Development
This article discusses three ways that parents affect their children's psychological development: direct interaction, emotional identification, and transmission of family stories.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• American Academy of Pediatrics • July 1999

Mothers, Fathers and Children after Divorce: The Role of Institutions
This paper discusses the rising rate of divorce in the Western World and the subsequent increase in economically disadvantaged, female-headed homes.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for the Study of Labor • February 2002

Gender, Comparative Advantage and Labor Market Activity in Immigrant Families
This paper examines the interplay between gender and comparative labour market advantage in determining which partner works and which engages in human-capital investment activities (e.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for the Study of Labor • May 2001

Dimensions of Poverty in Post-Apartheid South Africa 1996-2001: A Poverty Status Report
This document explores the measurement, incidence, and dynamics of poverty in South Africa.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Development Policy Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town • July 2004

Parental Income and Children’s Smoking Behaviour: Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey
This paper examines whether and in what ways parental income affects the likelihood that children will begin to smoke at a young age.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Institute for Fiscal Studies • May 2005

Family and Individual Predictors of Child Care Use by Low-Income Families in Different Policy Contexts
This paper examines family and individual predictors of child care use, problems with child care, and receipt of public subsidies among low-income families in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• MDRC • January 2002

“Making a Way Out of No Way”: How Mothers Meet Basic Family Needs While Moving from Welfare to Work
This paper uses data from a longitudinal study of families in Philadelphia and Cleveland to highlight the economic challenges faced by families as they make the transition from welfare reliance to employment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• MDRC • April 2003

Staying Single: The Effects of Welfare Reform Policies on Marriage and Cohabitation
This paper examines the effects of 14 different American welfare and employment programs on marriage and cohabitation decisions among single-parent families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• MDRC • April 2003

How Did the 2001 Recession Affect Single Mothers?
This paper examines the effects of the 2001 economic recession on the labour force participation and wage growth of single mothers in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • January 2005

Face to Face With Fathers: A Report on Low-Income Fathers and Their Experience with Child Support Enforcement
This paper describes the experience of low-income, never-married fathers who are required to establish paternity and pay child support because their children are receiving public assistance.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Center for Family Policy and Practice (formerly the Center for Fathers, Families, and Public Policy) • 2001

The Effect of Child Support and Criminal Justice Systems on Low-Income Noncustodial Parents: When You Need a Safety Net, but There’s Only a Dragnet
This report explores the experiences of low-income, non-custodial fathers with the child support and criminal justice systems.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Family Policy and Practice (formerly the Center on Fathers, Families, and Public Policy) • June 2004

A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations
This report provides comprehensive estimates of child poverty rates in the industrialized world.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• UNICEF Innocenti Research Center • June 2000

The Impact of Tax and Transfer Systems on Children in the European Union
This paper examines the effects of European nations' taxation policies on child poverty rates and the financial resources available to children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for the Study of Labor • May 2005

Child Care Assistance Policies 2001-2004: Families Struggling to Move Forward, States Going Backward
This paper examines state child care policies in the United States from 2001 to 2004 and shows that the availability of child care assistance for families declined during this period.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Women's Law Center • September 2004

Parents Under Pressure
This reports presents statistical information about Irish families and offers data demonstrating that many families face significant social and economic hardship.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The National Children's Resource Centre, Barnardos • 2002

Children Living Without
This report presents statistics pertaining to child poverty in Ireland, provides case studies of children living in poverty, and offers recommendations for improving the economic well-being of poor Irish children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The National Children's Resource Centre • 2003

Measures of Material Hardship: Final Report
This report provides a synthesis of existing research on the definition and measurement of material hardship in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services • April 2004

Characteristics of Families Using Title IV-D Services in 1999 and 2001
This report examines the characteristics of single-parent families who used the child support enforcement system in 1999 and 2001.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Office of Human Services Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services • October 2004

Out of the Basement: Who Would Benefit From a Minimum Wage Increase in Ohio?
This report compares the minimum wage in Ohio to that in other states, discusses the economic status of minimum wage earners, and describes proposed legislation that would increase the minimum wage in that state.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Policy Matters Ohio • April 2005

Economic Insecurity: Implications of Federal Budget Proposals for Low-Income Working Families
This paper demonstrates that proposed cuts to health care, food stamps, housing assistance, and child care assistance in the United States would have significant negative effects on low-income, working families with children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • April 2005

Parental Employment Does Not Guarantee Health Insurance for Children
This report outlines state differences in low-income working families' access to and use of public health insurance.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • September 2004

Receipt of Government Supports Varies Widely by State
This fact sheet provides an overview of the percentage of children living in low-income families in all the American states and demonstrates that the well-being of low-income families varies significantly depending on which state they live in.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • September 2004

Low-Income Families in Massachusetts: Results from the Family Resource Simulator
This report presents the results of a study that used a web-based tool to calculate the economic well-being of hypothetical low-income families in Massachusetts.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • September 2004

Low-Income Families in Illinois: Results from the Family Resource Simulator
This report presents the results of a study that used a web-based tool to calculate the economic well-being of hypothetical low-income families in Illinois.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • September 2004

Low-Income Families in Delaware: Results from the Family Resource Simulator
This report presents the results of a study that used a web-based tool to calculate the economic well-being of hypothetical low-income families in Delaware.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • November 2004

Low-Income Families in Alabama: Results from the Family Resource Simulator
This report presents the results of a study that used a web-based tool to calculate the economic well-being of hypothetical low-income families in Alabama.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • January 2005

Low-Income Families in the District of Columbia: Results from the Family Resource Simulator
This report presents the results of a study that used a web-based tool to calculate the economic well-being of hypothetical low-income families in the District of Columbia.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • February 2005

Whose Security? What Social Security Means to Children and Families
This report provides an overview of the benefits offered by Social Security in the United States, with particular emphasis on the assistance it provides to children and their families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • February 2005

National Estimates of Child Care and Subsidy Receipt for Children Ages 0 to 6: What Can We Learn from the National Household Education Survey?
This research brief provides estimates of child subsidy receipt and child care arrangements for preschool children in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Trends • October 2004

Low Pay, Household Resources, and Poverty
This study explores the extent to which employment alone is sufficient to keep low-wage families out of poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2004

Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Scotland 2004
This report provides statistical information pertaining to 40 indicators of poverty and social exclusion in Scotland, grouped into four main categories: poverty and low income, work and education, ill health, and quality of life and social cohesion.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• New Policy Institute and The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2004

Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion 2004
This report provides statistics on the economic and social well-being of British children, young adults, adults, and older people.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• New Policy Institute and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation • December 2004

Poor Transitions: Social Exclusion and Young Adults
This report examines the life situation and well-being of young people from one of the poorest neighbourhoods in Britain during their transition into adulthood.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • December 2004

The National Child Benefit Progress Report: 2002
This paper looks at the aims and accomplishments of the national child benefit program.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Government of Canada • July 01, 2003

The High Cost of Child Care puts Quality Care out of Reach for Many Families
This paper studies the economics of child care and how the cost of such care can limit the productivity of low-income workers as well as the development of their children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Children's Defense Fund • 2000

Giving Mom and Dad a Break: Returning Fairness to Families in Canada's Tax and Transfer System
This paper looks at ways in which the Canadian tax system might be altered in the interests of Canadian families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• C.D. Howe Institute • November 26, 1998

Are the Kids All Right? Intergenerational Mobility and Child Well-being in Canada
This paper examines the influence of parental income on their children's future income.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • October 01, 2001

Children in Poverty: Trends, Consequences, and Policy Options
This paper looks at the indicators of, and trends in, child poverty in the US.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Trends • November 01, 2002

Caring Prescriptions: Comprehensive Health Care Strategies for Young Children in Poverty
This report discusses the need for improved health care strategies for children living in poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • January 1993

Poverty Experience of Older Persons: A Poverty Study from a Long-Term Perspective
This study examines the likelihood of poverty entry and exit by older individuals.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• AARP Public Policy Insitute • March 2003

Income and Poverty in the United States in 1995: A Chartbook
This document provides a number of charts relating to poverty and income distribution in the US with a focus on the economic situations of the older members of the population.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Public Policy Institute, AARP • April 1998

Continuity and Change in Pathways to Young Adult Disadvantage: Results from a British Birth Cohort
In this paper, childhood and adolescent precursors to adult disadvantage are studied in order to determine whether or not childhood experiences affect educational, financial, social, and employment-related outcomes later in life.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion • April 2003

Income and Child Well-Being: A New Perspective on the Poverty Debate
This paper examines the relationship between poverty and child development and looks at how family income impacts child health, behaviour, social interactions, academic performance, and involvement in recreational activities.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Council on Social Development • 1999

Children Cared for by Relatives: What Do We Know About Their Well-Being?
This paper presents evidence that children who live with relatives have significantly worse outcomes in terms of emotional and behavioural development, school achievement and involvement, health, and adult interaction than those who live with their parents.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Urban Institute • May 01, 2002

Widow Poverty and Out-of-Pocket Medical Expenditures at the End of Life
This paper demonstrates that elderly widows and widowers have significantly higher rates of poverty than elderly married couples.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• California Center for Population Research • October 2001

Does it Pay to Move from Welfare to Work?
This study of single mothers in the United States found that women who left welfare for work, or who combined both welfare and work, were financially better off than those who relied solely on welfare.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Center • Revised April 2000

What Explains Race and Ethnic Differences in Family Financial Transfers to Adult Children?
This paper discusses the differential rate of parental economic support for adult children between racial groups, and demonstrates that African-American and Hispanic parents give less than white parents.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Center • September 2001

Welfare Reform and Lone Mothers' Employment in the U.S.
This paper discusses various welfare projects and initiatives, including public childcare programs and subsidies, and looks at the impact of the American welfare reform on lone mothers' employment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Center • June 2002

What Has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Structure
This comprehensive study of the effects of welfare reform in the United States finds that these reforms contributed to reduced welfare reliance, increased family income, and decreased poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Center • December 2003

Family Structure and the Economic Well-being of Black, Hispanic, and White Elderly
This paper looks at the extent to which elderly individuals benefit economically from co-residing with their children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Office of Population Research • September 1998

An Economic Perspective on Sex, Marriage and the Family in Contemporary United States
This paper suggests that marriage and the family remain economically beneficial institutions for many people, thus their demise is not likely to occur in the near future.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Research Center • July 2003

Child Poverty and Family Structure in Canada
This paper finds that, while smaller family sizes and delaying the age of first pregnancies has helped to offset child poverty levels, lone parenthood has significantly increased child poverty rates over the last several years.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Center • May 2001

Family Income and Child Well Being
Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth, this paper examines the occurences of child poverty in Canada and focuses on two questions 1) What if producing healthy children was the main objective of anti-poverty efforts? and 2) What should governments-and other partners- be doing to foster healthy child development?
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• ISUMA • Autumn 2000

Why has Inequality in Weekly Earnings Increased in Canada?
This paper seeks to explain the increased inequality in weekly earnings in Canada in the 1980s.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • July 1995

Low-Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education
This report provides information about the characteristics of low-income postsecondary students, their financial needs, and the extent to which they rely on work, parental assistance, grants, and loans to pay for their education.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Education Statistics • March 2000

Debt Burden Four Years After College
This report examines the prevalence of borrowing among undergraduates, the amount borrowed, and the nature of the debt burden on these individuals later in life.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Education Statistics • August 2000

Paving the Way to Postsecondary Education: K-12 Intervention Programs for Underrepresented Youth
This report discusses the barriers faced by children from poor and ethnic minority families in pursuing postsecondary education, and highlights some programs designed to combat this disadvantage.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Education Statistics • September 2001

Financial Disadvantage in Australia 1990 to 2000: The Persistence of Poverty in a Decade of Growth
This paper examines trends in poverty in Australia in the 1990s, with an analysis of differences based on age, gender, employment status, educational attainment, housing tenure, geographic location and family type.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Smith Family, National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • 2001

Child Poverty: A Review
This report reviews the definition and measurements of child poverty in Australia, as well as various causes, including single-parenthood and unemployment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Social Policy Research Centre, Commonwealth of Australia • 2003

How Money Matters for Young Children's Development: Parental Investement and Family Processes
This article discusses the effect of family income on child development, achievement, and behaviour.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Development • November 2002

Hardship Among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families
This paper examines the extent of income, food, housing, and health care related hardship for immigrant families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • February 2001

Poor Families in 2001: Parents Working Less and Children Continue to Lag Behind
This paper addresses the issue of economic hardship in low-income working families, and evaluates the effects of poverty on children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Trends • May 2003

Abstract
This paper discusses the negative effect that moving can have on children's educational attainment, academic performance, and employment outcomes as young adults.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • March 2000

Unwed Parents: Myths, Realities and Policymaking
This paper explores the characteristics of unwed parents, the quality of their relationship, their ability to provide for their children, and the health outcomes of their children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • July 2002

Broke But Not Deadbeat: Reconnecting Low-Income Fathers and Children
This paper examines the characteristics of low-income, non-resident fathers and demonstrates that they are often unable to pay child support.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Conference of State Legislatures • July 1999

The Impact of Welfare Reform on Child Welfare and Child Protective Services: A Literature Review
This paper reviews curernt research on the impact of the 1996 welfare reform on child welfare and protective services in the US.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child and Family Research Center • 2000

A Decade of Decline: Poverty and Income Inequality in the City of Toronto in the 1990s
This report looks at changes in household income, the poverty rate, the depth of poverty, income equality between the wealthy and the poor, and Toronto’s geographic concentration of poverty in the 1990s.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• United Way of Greater Toronto, Canadian Council on Social Development • January 2002

Measuring Poverty in Canada
This paper, the first part of a study of poverty levels in Canada, addresses problems with the techniques used to measure poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Fraser Institute • July 2001

Redesigning the Welfare Mix for Families: Policy Challenges
This paper addresses the need for changes to the welfare policies in response to deepening poverty, an ageing society, restructured labor markets, and a knowledge based economy.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Policy Research Networks • February 2003

Economic Pressure in Rural Families: Couple Interactions that Reduce Risk for Emotional Distress and Marital Instability
This research aims to discover potential strategies for reducing the adverse consequences of economic hardship on marriage.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Mental Health Statistics Improvement Program • August 1995

Reducing Poverty among Older Women: The Potential of Retirement Income Policies
This paper discusses the ways in which retirement income policies, particularly public pension programs, could be used to reduce poverty levels among older women.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Status of Women Canada • August 2000

The Role of Marriage in Youth Development
This paper discusses how the absence of parental marriage has a detrimental impact on youth's physical, psychological, and emotional health as well as their academic performance, rates of participation in risky behaviours, and economic well-being.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Institute for Youth Development • November 2003

Expenditure Patterns Post-Welfare Reform in the UK: Are Low-Income Families Starting to Catch Up?
This paper examines the effects of the British government's welfare reforms on the economic welfare of children living in low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion • May 2005

Lower Class Mobilization and State Welfare Policy in the Era of Welfare Reform
This paper examines the different welfare policies adopted by US states after the 1996 welfare reforms gave them considerable freedom to decide eligibility for assistance.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research • 2003

How Did the Increase in Economic Inequality between 1970 and 1990 Affect American Children's Educational Attainment?
This paper explores the consequences of growing economic inequality in the United States for children's educational attainment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Russell Sage Publication • 2001

Men Without Sawmills: Masculinity, Rural Poverty, and Family Stability
This paper examines the effects of job loss and unemployment on men's feelings of masculinity in rural settings, and the effect that this has on their ability to maintain functional family relationships.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Rural Poverty Research Center • May 2005

Mothers’ Labor Supply in Fragile Families: The Role of Child Health
This paper examines the effects of poor child health on the employment of unwed mothers after welfare reform in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Poverty Center • May 2004

New Fathers' Labor Supply: Does Child Health Matter?
This paper presents the results of a study which finds that having a child with poor health reduces the probability that a father will be employed and reduces the number of hours worked if employed.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Poverty Center • May 2004

Beyond Child Poverty: The Social Exclusion of Children
This paper discusses the concept of social exclusion, a term used primarily in Canada and Europe, in response to the perceived inadequacy of assessing child welfare solely in terms of economic poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Clearinghouse on International Developments in Child, Youth and Family Policy • Spring 2003

Welfare Incomes 2002
This report looks at welfare rates in each Canadian province and territory and provides estimates of income for different types of households.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada • Spring 2003

Creating Opportunities For The Poor
This public policy review contains several articles relating to approaches to helping the poor and reducing poverty in Canada.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Fraser Institute • October 2001

Hardship and Australian Families
This paper measures and evaluates the economic hardship of Australian families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Australian Institute of Family Studies • February 12-14, 2003

Affordable Credit: The Way Forward
This report addresses the issue of credit use and heavy credit debt among low-income families and individuals.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2005

The Impact of the 1990s Economic Boom on Less-Educated Workers in Rural America
This paper provides evidence that the 1990s economic boom in the United States benefited less-educated workers more than it did those with a college education.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Rural Poverty Research Center • June 2005

The Material Well-Being of Single Mother Households in the 1980s and 1990s: What Can We Learn from Food Spending?
This paper challenges the argument that rising food expenditures by single mothers is indicative of an increase in their material well-being during the 1990s.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Poverty Center • January 2005

Does Economic Uncertainty Have an Impact on Decisions to Bear Children? Evidence from Eastern Germany
This paper explores the link between economic uncertainty and fertility decisions in an effort to understand the large drop in fertility that occurred in East Germany in the years following the fall of communism and the reunification with West Germany.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research • August 2002

State Policy Choices: Assets and Access to Public Assistance
This fact sheet discusses the difficulties low-income families have accessing public assistance when facing financial crisis, such as a sudden short-term loss of employment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • October 2003

Policies Affecting New York City's Low-Income Families
This report discusses some of the welfare policy and program changes in New York City.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • October 2001

Patterns and Growth of Child Care Voucher Use by Families Connected to Cash Assistance in Illinois and Maryland
This paper examines families in Illinois and Maryland who are or were previously receiving cash assistance.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • May 1999

Low-Income Families in Pennsylvania: Results from the Family Resource Simulator
This report uses the Family Resource Simulator to discuss the financial difficulties faced by low-income families in Pennsylvania.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • June 2004

Low-Income Families in Georgia: Results from the Family Resource Simulator
This report uses the Family Resource Simulator to discuss the financial difficulties faced by low-income families in Georgia.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • May 2004

Low-Income Families in Connecticut: Results from the Family Resource Simulator
This report uses the Family Resource Simulator to discuss the financial difficulties faced by low-income families in Connecticut.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • February 2004

Young Children in Poverty: A Statistical Update
This report discusses statistical updates since the 1990 report Five Million Children: A Statistical Profile of Our Poorest Young Citizens.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • 1994

Continuity and Stability: Dynamics of Child Care Subsidy Use in Oregon
This report discusses the results of a recent study on child care subsidies in Oregon.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • August 2002

What has the Feminisation of the Labour Market ‘Bought’ Women in South Africa? Trends in Labour Force Participation, Employment and Earnings, 1995-2001
This paper examines what, if any, benefits South African women have gained in terms of access to different types of employment and improved wages from 1995 to 2001.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Development Policy Research Unit • March 2004

Household Incomes, Poverty and Inequality in a Multivariate Framework
This paper explores the multiple factors that contribute to poverty and economic inequality in South Africa.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Development Policy Research Unit • December 1999

Social Policy to Address Poverty
This paper discusses the pervasive nature of poverty in South Africa and examines two social policies, education and social security, that it argues are central to improving the economic well-being of the poor.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Development Policy Research Unit • August 1999

Additional Work, Family Agriculture, and the Birth of a First or a Second Child in Russia at the Beginning of the 1990s
This paper examines fertility patterns in Russia in the period following the fall of the Soviet Union.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock • May 2003

Child Poverty in the States: Levels and Trends from 1979 to 1998
This research brief discusses child poverty estimates in the United States between 1979 and 1998.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • 2000

Whither Poverty in Great Britain and the United States? The Determinants of Changing Poverty and Whether Work Will Work
This paper compares levels of poverty in Britain and the United States by examining poverty trends in recent decades.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science • August 2001

The Living Conditions of US-Born Children of Mexican Immigrants in Unmarried Families
This paper documents the various forms of socio-economic disadvantage experienced by many unmarried Mexican-American mothers in the United States and assesses the well-being of their children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • May 2005

Measuring Poverty in South Africa
This paper discusses methodological issues in the measurement of poverty and provides a profile of poverty in South Africa.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Development Policy Research Unit • October 1999

Children Facing Economic Hardships in the United States: Differentials and Changes in the 1990s
This article explores the dynamics of child poverty in the United States in the 1990s.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research • June 18, 2004

Income of Canadian Families
This paper examines the incomes and economic situations of Canadian families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • May 13, 2003

Globalization and Family Security
This paper examines the impact of globalization on the security of the family in areas such as employment, production, and family stressors.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Policy Research Networks • February 23, 1993

Perceptions of Poverty: Correcting Misperceptions about the Low-Income Cutoff
This paper analyzes flaws in the Low-Income Cutoff (LICO) measure used to measure poverty in Canada.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The C.D. Howe Institute • April 04, 2000

The Economic Effects of Parental Absence
This paper explores the impact of single-parenthood and parental absence on a family's economic resources.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • May 27, 2003

Analysis of Alternative Financial Service Providers
This paper examines the availability and use of alternative financial providers, such as pawnshops, cash-chequing outlets, and payday tenders.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute, Fannie Mae Foundation • February 19, 2004

The Earned Income Tax Credit and Labor Market Participation of Families on Welfare
This study examines the effectiveness of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), a wage-based tax credit implemented as part of welfare reform in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Researc • January 31, 2001

Welfare Reforms, Family Resources, and Child Maltreatment
This paper looks at how welfare reforms affect the incidence of child abuse and neglect.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Health and Wellbeing • December 19, 2001

Taxing Canadian Families: What’s Fair, What’s Not
This report assesses whether the tax system recognizes the responsibilities and costs of caring for children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Public Policy • July 01, 2000

Ottawa Should Expand the Canada Child Tax Benefit
This presentation to the Commons Subcommittee on Children and Youth at Risk critiques the Canada Child Tax Benefits as a form to build a strong income support and security system for Canadian families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Caledon Institute of Social Policy • June 06, 2001

Subsidizing Child Care for Low-Income Families Choices: A good bargain for Canadian Governments
The study’s main objective is to review the current child care subsidy system and highlight the main directions shaping its evolution.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Public Policy • May 01, 1998

Asset Poverty in The United States: Its Persistence in an Expansionary Economy
This paper aims to correct the misconception that poverty in the United States was decreasing between the years of 1984 and 1999.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College • 2004

Poverty in the United States: 2002
This paper provides information about the poverty rate in the United States, with results broken down according to race/ethnicity, country of birth, age, family structure, employment status and geographic location.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• U.S. Census Bureau • September 01, 2003

Young Children in Poverty: A Statistical Update
This paper examines rising rates of child poverty in the United States, and discusses factors relating to ethnicity, family structure, geographic location, parental education, and family income that affect the likelihood that children will be poor.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • June 01, 1999

Defining and Re-Defining Poverty: A CCSD Perspective
This article focuses primarily on redefining what constitutes the poverty line.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Council on Social Development • October 01, 2001

Measuring Poverty in Canada: Part Two
This article continues a discussion of the measurement of poverty in Canada and looks in particular at the Basic Needs Measurement.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Fraser Institute • July 01, 2001

The Role of Parental Work in Child Poverty
This paper explores the impact of increased parental work on reducing child poverty in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Heritage Foundation • January 27, 2003

Unemployment and Income Distribution
This paper looks at the personal and family incomes of household members who are unemployed, discusses gender differences in this regard, and examines sources of income for unemployed families and individuals.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • August 01, 1998

AbstractRe/Working Benefits: Continuation of Non-Cash Benefits Support for Single Mothers and Disabled Women
This study asked single mothers and women with disabilities about the importance of the non-cash benefits that they received while on welfare, such as childcare, housing, and transportation.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Status of Women Canada, Policy Research Fund • February 01, 2003

"Time to Do the Chores?" Factoring Home-Production Needs into Measures of Poverty
This paper argues that families need not only sufficient income but also sufficient time to perform essential household tasks.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • March 01, 1994

Aboriginal Children in Poverty in Urban Communities: Social exclusion and the growing racialization of poverty in Canada
This document highlights the problem of disproportionate Aboriginal poverty in Canada and argues that Canadian poverty is increasingly a racial problem.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Council on Social Development • March 01, 2003

Toward the Prevention of Marital and Family Stress
This paper provides a brief overview of the author’s work on the prevention of marital and family distress, including a new study designed to test the extent to which the results of a divorce prevention program can be disseminated.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• CMHS/ Mental Health Statistics Improvement Program • June 01, 2003

The Direct and Indirect Effects of Unemployment on Poverty and Inequality
This paper discusses the complex and various ways that unemployment contributes to poverty and inequality, and examines how the current debate over welfare reform in Australia is affected by these findings.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Social Policy Research Council • December 01, 2002

Children in Single-Parent Families Living in Poverty Have Fewer Supports After Welfare Reform
The authors argue that welfare reform has resulted in increased hardship for children in poor single-parent families as access to benefits, such as health insurance, cash assistance, and food stamps, has become much more difficult.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Women's Policy Research • September 01, 2002

Do Financial Incentives Encourage Welfare Recipients to Work? Initial 18-Month Findings from the Self-Sufficiency Project
This report examines the impact of the Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) on employment, wages, and well-being of single parent families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • February 01, 1996

Measuring Wage Growth Among Former Welfare Recipients
This paper examines the wage growth of long time welfare recipients who re-entered the workforce in response to the incentives provided by the Self Sufficiency Program (SSP).
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Social Research and Development Corporation • July 01, 2001

Targeting the Most Vulnerable: A Decade of Desperation for Ontario's Welfare Recipients
This paper emphasizes the need for change within Ontario's welfare system and argues that it is not adequately meeting the needs of its population.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives • May 01, 2003

The Role of Welfare in New Parents’ Lives
This paper examines the percentage of new parents who rely on welfare, and states that nearly half of all new mothers are dependent on some form of public assistance.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • June 01, 2002

Welfare Reform and the Well-Being of Families: Successes To Date and Challenges Ahead
This paper explores the impact of the 1996 welfare reform, and looks at the current status of welfare-leavers in terms of employment, income, child well-being, housing, and access to health care.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Health Policy Forum • March 23, 2001

How Welfare Reform Can Help or Hurt Children
This paper argues that although welfare policies are not aimed at children, they inevitably affect them as a child's well-being is dependent on the well-being of the parents.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The National Center for Children in Poverty • 1997

Welfare's Children
This paper examines rates of childbearing among women who are receiving welfare, and discusses the implications of this in terms of costs to the system.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • September 01, 2000

Families and the State
This is a compilation of articles pertaining to finding balance between family and government spending on those who need different types of assistance.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Fraser Institute • March 01, 2004

Recent Changes in California Welfare and Work, Child Care, and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at California's demographic, economic, and political situation, and focuses on this state’s employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • May 01, 2002

Economic Correlates of Nonmarital Childbearing Among Adult Women
This study found that adult women who give birth out of wedlock have a similar socio-economic status and rate of poverty and welfare dependency as do women who give birth as adolescents.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Alan Guttmacher Institute • June 01, 1997

Capabilities and Employability of Unwed Mothers
This paper examines economic hardship and barriers to employment among cohabiting and non-cohabiting unwed mothers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • January 01, 2001

Profiles and Transitions of Groups at Risk: Lone Parents
This paper attempts to determine what differentiates lone parents who escape poverty from those who do not.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • November 01, 2002

Creating An Alternative to Welfare: First-Year Findings on the Implementation, Welfare Impacts, and Costs of the Self-Sufficiency Project
This report examines the effectiveness of the early stages of the Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP), and the impact the earnings supplement program has on welfare, low-wage work, and income assistance among single parents.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • December 01, 1995

Quebec Family Policy: Impact and Options
This paper offers an overview of Quebec’s policy reforms and social policy objectives regarding government assistance to families, accessibility of daycare, poverty, work incentives for low-income families, and education changes.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• IRPP • January 01, 2000

Children Cared for by Relatives: What Services Do They Need?
This paper explores the option of kinship care and looks at its impact on child welfare.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • June 01, 2002

Recent Changes in Wisconsin Welfare and Work, Child Care and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at Wisconsin's demographic, economic, and political situation, and focuses on the employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families within this state.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • September 01, 2001

Many Families Turn to Food Pantries for Help
This paper briefly explores the use of food pantries by low-income families to help alleviate hunger and economic hardship.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • November 25, 2003

Promises to Keep: The Nova Scotia Child Poverty Report Card 2003
This paper looks at statistics relating to child poverty levels in Nova Scotia and compares the extent of poverty in this province to that existing in other parts of the country.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Nova Scotia • November 01, 2003

Single Mothers in Various Living Arrangements: Differences in Economic and Time Resources
This paper examines the welfare of single mothers who are either cohabiting or living with their parents, and discusses how their race affects their outcomes.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • November 01, 1995

Trends in Parents' Economic Hardship
This brief paper outlines some of the trends in economic hardship faced by parents, such as food shortages, housing problems, low-income, and poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • March 18, 2004

Financial Living Standards After Divorce: A Recent Snapshot
This paper examines the post-divorce financial experiences and living standards of men and women by comparing their wages, income, housing costs, and payment or collection of child support.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Australian Institute of Family Studies • December 01, 2000

Social Factors in Suicide in Australia
This paper addresses suicide rates in Australia, and examines trends in suicide by age and gender demographics.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Australian Institute of Criminology • February 01, 1996

When Work Pays Better Than Welfare: A Summary of the Self-Sufficiency Project’s Implementation, Focus Group, and Initial18-Month Impact Reports
This document reviews the major findings of the Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) regarding the increasing poverty and welfare dependence of single-parent families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • March 01, 1996

Recent Changes in Minnesota Welfare and Work, Child Care and Child Welfare System
This paper looks at the demographic, economic, and political situation in Minnesota, and focuses on this state's employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • July 01, 2001

Disconnected Kids: Children without a Phone at Home
This report shows that one in six children in the United States live in families that are too poor to afford a home phone.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Annie E. Casey Foundation • September 01, 2001

Race, Ethnicity, and Economic Well-Being
This brief paper looks at the income and poverty level disparities between ethnicities.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • March 01, 2004

America's Golden Years: Ensuring Prosperity in an Aging Society
This paper argues that the United States is capable of providing for an aging population without being brought to the brink of economic collapse.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Economic Policy Institute • April 03, 1998

Why Marriage Matters
This brief fact sheet discusses the economic benefits of marriage and the negative financial outcomes of single-parenting.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Family Research Council • May 18, 2004

Differences in Labour Force Participation Earnings and Welfare Participation Among Canadian Lone Mothers: A Longitudinal Data Analysis
This paper analyzes the labour force and welfare participation of Canadian lone mothers by examining data from income tax files between 1982 and 1997.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • October 01, 2001

Recent Changes in New York Welfare and Work, Child Care and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at the demographic, economic, and political situation in New York, and focuses on this state's employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • September 01, 2002

Canadian Living Standards: 1998 Report
This paper looks at changes to Canadian standards of living over time.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Fraser Institute • 1998

Recent Changes in Texas Welfare and Work, Child Care and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at the demographic, economic, and political situation in Texas, and focuses on this state's employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • June 01, 2001

A New Era in British Columbia: A Profile of Budget Cuts across Social Programs
This paper outlines some of the major budget cuts made by the Liberal government, including those cuts that affect the lives and well-being of women, children, seniors, low-income people, people with disabilities, and people from minority backgrounds.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Caledon Institute of Social Policy • July 01, 2002

Are Teens in Low-Income and Welfare Families Working Too Much?
This paper looks at the employment patterns for teenagers in low-income and welfare families, and assesses the impact of adolescent work on academic performance and educational attainment.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • November 01, 2000

Exiting Welfare in the 1990s: Did Public Policy Influence Recipients’ Behavior?
This paper explores factors that contributed to the move of many women off the welfare rolls in the early- to mid-1990s.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Center • October 27, 2000

Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion 2003
This paper updates past research on key indicators of poverty including health, education, income, housing, and employment, and discusses their effects on the well-being of children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2003

The Intergenerational Income Mobility of Canadian Men
This paper documents the degree of income mobility through the generations for Canadian men and seeks to estimate the extent to which childhood economic disadvantage reflects adult income status.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • January 24, 1996

Maternal Age and Birth Outcomes: Data from New Jersey
This study finds that maternal age is a factor in lowbirthweight infancts only for the very youngest (under 15) and oldest (over 40) mothers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Alan Guttmacher Institute • December 01, 1997

Social Transfers, Changing Family Structure, and Low Income Among Children
This paper points to increasing social transfer and changing patterns of child-bearing to explain the stability of child poverty levels despite the fact that, on average, the income of parents with young children is decreasing.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • September 01, 1995

The Cost of Poverty
This report demonstrates that poverty results in an enormous cost to all members of society and must be addressed.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The National Council of Welfare • 2004

Health Inequalities and Income Distribution, Australia: 1977 to 1995
This paper presents the findings of a study that investigated the relationship between income and health among workers from 1977 to 1995.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • June 01, 2001

Where the Money Isn't: Misplaced Focus of Tax Enforcement Could be Remedied by Simplifying Credits for Children
This document argues that the system of tax credits is too complicated, and proposes that the several existing programs be combined into a single credit, the Simplified Family Credit (SFC).
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Economic Policy Institute • October 15, 2002

A Look at Poor Dads Who Don't Pay Child Support
This paper examines the socio-economic, employment, and financial characteristics of nonresident fathers and the barriers that they face in paying child support.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • September 01, 2000

Vulnerability to Future Dependence Among Former AFDC Mothers
This study demonstrates that a significant number of women who had formerly relied on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) returned to it after only a short period of time.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • January 01, 1995

Families Who Left Welfare: Who are They and How are They Doing?
This paper compares ex-welfare families to low-income mothers who have never recieved financial aid from social service programs and finds that, in terms of financial stability and income, the two groups are relatively similar.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • July 01, 1999

Changes in Massachusetts Welfare and Work, Child Care, and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at Massachusetts' demographic, economic, and political situation, and focuses on this states employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • July 01, 2001

Hardship in Married and Cohabiting Parent Households: Do Cohabiting Couples Underinvest in Household Public Goods?
This study suggests that couples in cohabiting relationships experience greater economic hardship than those in married relationships due to the uncertainty about the duration of their.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research on Child Wellbeing • September 01, 2003

Incentives, Challenges, and Dilemmas of TANF
This paper evaluates the success of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, a welfare reform program designed to move people away from welfare reliance and into the workforce.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • May 01, 2000

Australian Social Trends: Family and Community-Families With no Employed Parent
This document charts recent trends in parental employment and unemployment statistics, and looks at how parental work affects family income and well-being.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Australian Bureau of Statistics • June 15, 2004

New Evidence from the Self-Sufficiency Project on the Potential of Earnings Supplements to Increase Labour Force Attachment Among Welfare Recipients
This paper summarizes the findings of the Self-Sufficiency Project's initiative to increase labour force attachment through financial subsidies to welfare recipients.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Social Research and Demonstration Corporation • February 01, 2004

A Profile of Women's Health Indicators in Canada
This paper offers an analysis of the financial, social-psychological, lifestyle, and environmental determinants of women's health.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• GPI Atlantic • July 01, 2003

Maternal Education and Fetal and Infant Mortality in Quebec
This article examines the relationship between maternal education and infant mortality in Quebec, and finds that the higher the education attained by mothers, the less likely they are to experience fetal or infant deaths.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • October 01, 1998

Employment Alone is Not Enough for America's Low-Income Children and Families
This paper argues that the government has to do more than support low-wage employment if it hopes to move low-income families towards economic stability.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • August 01, 2003

Working Poor Families with Children: Leaving Welfare Doesn’t Necessarily Mean Leaving Poverty
This paper examines the economic well-being of families who transitioned from welfare to work as a result of the 1996 welfare reform legislation.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Trends • May 01, 2001

Recent Changes in Alabama Welfare and Work, Child Care, and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at Alabama's demographic, economic, and political situation and focuses on its employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare systems for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • October 01, 2001

Household with Low Income: Wealth and Financial Behaviors
This document provides charts displaying information about the wealth, assets, debts, and financial attitudes and behaviours of households with low income.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Consumer Federation of America • February 10, 2004

Poverty Among Children Born Outside of Marriage: Preliminary Findings from the National Survey of American Families
This paper provides evidence from American families that children born to unmarried mothers are significantly more likely to experience poverty than children born to married parents.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • December 01, 1999

'Inability to Be Self-reliant' as an Indicator of U.S. Poverty: Measurement, Comparisons, and Implications
This paper investigates the nature of Self-Reliance Poverty, and the inability of families to use their own resources to remain entirely self-sufficient.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Levy Economics Institute • August 01, 1998

The Youth Divide: Diverging Paths to Adulthood
This study found that, despite increasing investment in education and training, inequality among young people in the United Kingdom continues to increase.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2002

The 1992 New Jersey Minimum Wage Increase: How Much Did it Affect Family Income
This paper demonstrates that the New Jersey minimum wage increase had little or no positive effect for poor families but rather benefitted young, single people with higher family incomes.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Employment Policies Institute • May 01, 1996

The Changing Demographics of Low-Income Families and their Children
This report looks at the economic well-being of low-income families in the last decade of the twentieth century, a period which experienced economic growth and decline as well as major welfare reforms.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • August 01, 2003

How Effective is the British Government’s Attempt to Reduce Child Poverty?
This paper looks at the extent of child poverty in Great Britain, examines its causes, and assesses the government's attempts to reduce this national concern.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion • March 01, 2000

In Support of Low-Income Working Families: State Policies and Local Program Innovations in the Era of Welfare Reform
This paper assesses current state-led initiatives and programs and their effectiveness at providing affordable childcare, family loans, health and unemployment insurance, and earnings supplements to keep families off welfare and out of poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Annie E. Casey Foundation • February 01, 2003

US Poverty Studies and Poverty Measurement: The Past Twenty-Five Years
This paper discusses the history of poverty and poverty research in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion • October 01, 2000

Children and Familial Economic Welfare: The Effect of Income on Child Development
The aim of this paper is to examine the economic welfare of a family, by examining the relationship between family income and child development.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • April 01, 2001

Teenage Pregnancies, 1974 to 1994
Building on research from past studies, this article discusses the fluctuation in the pregnancy and abortion rates of teenagers in Canada since 1974.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • March 01, 1997

Measuring Labour Markets-2003 Edition
This study provides an evaluation of the performance of labour markets across Canada and the United States during the past five years.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Fraser Institute • August 01, 2003

Public Policies for the Working Poor: The Earned-Income Tax Credit Versus Minimum Wage Legislation
This paper argues that the relationship between minimum wage and low household income is fading, and suggests that increasing the minimum wage is not an effective way to help low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • November 01, 1995

Kinship Foster Care: Custody, Hardships, and Services
This paper discusses the practice of placing foster children in the custody of relatives, and looks at the difficulties faced by these kinship foster families, as they are often already poor and may face obstacles in receiving important foster care services.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Urban Institute • November 01, 2003

Recent Changes in Colorado Welfare and Work, Child Care and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at the demographic, economic, and political situation in Colorado, and focuses on this state's employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • October 01, 2001

Low Income Measures, Low Income After Tax Cut-offs and Low Income After Tax Measure
This report presents detailed Low Income Measures (LIM) data based on a low-income measure of family income, and discusses employment, poverty, and family needs.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • August 01, 1999

Married and Unmarried Parenthood and Economic Well-Being: A Dynamic Analysis of a Recent Cohort
This paper examines the living standards, income, and financial stability of single-parent, cohabiting, and married couple families to determine the impact of family structure on economic well-being.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• U. S. Department of Health and Human Services • July 01, 2002

Standard of Living or Quality of Life: Does One Come First?
This paper argues that any efforts to improve the stanard of living for urban Canadians should ultimately seek to improve their quality of life.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• TD • July 01, 2002

Debt and Assets Among Low-Income Families
This paper examines the economic well-being of low-income families and finds that most have high and rising levels of debt and few assets available to enable them to deal with a financial crisis.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • October 01, 2003

The Changing Burden of Income Taxation on Working Families in Australia
This paper examines changes to the income tax burden from 1981-82 to 1993-94 in order to determine if it has increased, and if working families are paying a disproportionate amount.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • April 01, 1998

Proceedings and Final Report: Working Conference on Strategies to Ensure Economic Security for All Canadians
This document of proceedings and recommendations suggests ways to change social policy in order to achieve economic security for Canadians.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Council on Social Development • January 31, 2003

Why the Minimum Wage Law Causes Unemployment
This report explains that increasing the minimum wage does not actually help the people it claims to help, namely poor families in which the main breadwinner is a minimum wage earner.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Policy Analysis • 1996

The Evolution of Wealth Inequality in Canada: 1984-1999
This paper examines the evolution of wealth inequality in Canada between the years of 1984 and 1999.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • February 01, 2002

Snakes and Ladders: A Policy Brief on Poverty Dynamics
This report provides information about the number of Canadians who experience poverty, its duration, and the likelihood of entering or leaving poverty in any given year.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives • October 01, 2002

Measuring social progress, starting with the well-being of Canada's children, youth and families
This presentation addresses how Canada measures its social progress and defines poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Council on Social Development • November 25, 1996

Teenage Pregnancy
This article looks at the prevalence of teenage pregnancy and abortion in Canada and finds that, while adolescent pregnancy rates have decreased, abortions have proportionately increased to over fifty percent.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • October 01, 2000

The Minimum Wage Increase: A Working Woman's Issue
This paper argues that the main beneficiaries of an increase in the minimum wage would be women, since they are more likely than men to work in low-wage jobs.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Economic Policy Institute • September 16, 1999

Children of Current and Former Welfare Recipients: Similarly at Risk
This study compares the school engagement, social behaviour, and health of children whose parents have left welfare to those whose parents have remained on welfare.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Trends • March 01, 2002

The Twentieth Century Record of Inequality and Poverty in the United States
This paper discusses the impact that factors such as demographic, economic, industrial/technological change, and government intervention and public policy have had on fluctuating poverty and inequality patterns.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • July 01, 1998

The Intergenerational Correlation in AFDC Participation: Welfare Trap or Poverty Trap?
This paper discusses the fact that women who relied on Assistance for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) are likely to have grown daughters who will rely on it as well.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Insitute for Research on Poverty • July 01, 1996

Support From Both Parents
This paper looks at the need for both parents in single-parent families to financially support their children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Children's Defense Fund • October 01, 2002

Child Poverty Dynamics in Seven Nations
This paper compares the degree to which children move in and out of poverty in the United States, Russia, Britain, Germany, Hungary, Ireland and Spain.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Social Policy Research Centre • December 01, 2000

Transition Events in the Dynamics of Poverty
This paper examines the role that household characteristics, employment, and disability status play in poverty entrance and exit rates.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • September 01, 2002

Former Welfare Families Need More Help: Hardships Await Those Making Transition to Workforce
This paper examines the continued economic struggle of many former welfare recipients who returned to work as a result of major welfare reforms in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Economic Policy Institute • March 01, 2002

Helping Low-Wage Americans - Wage-Based Tax Credits: A New Solution to an Age-Old Problem
This report argues that wage-based tax credit programs, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), are much more effective at addressing poverty and helping low-income workers than are increases to the minimum wage.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Employment Policies Institute • May 01, 2004

Assessing Family Policy in Canada: A New Deal for Families and Children
This research paper analyzes Canadian family policy, focusing on how current family policy affects public support of Canadian families ...
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Public Policy • June 01, 2003

How Do Marriage, Cohabitation, and Single Parenthood Affect the Material Hardships of Families with Children?
This paper examines the effect of marital status and family structure on the economic situations of families with children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• U. S. Department of Health and Human Services • July 01, 2002

Policy Reforms are Needed to Increase Child Support from Poor Fathers
This paper provides a profile of poor, nonresident fathers who are unable to pay child support, and argues that the government could do more to enable them to provide for their families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • April 01, 2002

Remaining Off Welfare in the 1990s: The Influence of Public Policy and Economic Conditions
This paper explored economic and public policy factors that contributed to families' ability, or inability, to remain off welfare after leaving in the early to mid-1990s.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Center • December 19, 2000

The Effects of Welfare and Tax Reform: The Material Well-Being of Single Mothers in the 1980s and 1990s
This paper examines the consumption patterns of single mothers before and after the implementation of welfare and tax reforms in the United States in order to examine the effect of these reforms on single-parent families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Joint Center for Poverty Research • September 28, 2000

Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Adolescent Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Behavior: The Case of Five Developed Countries
This comparative study examines the effect of education, race, ethnicity, immigrant status, and income on patterns of early childbearing, sexual activty, and contraceptive use in France, Sweden, Great Britain, Canada and the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Alan Guttmacher Institute • December 01, 2001

Credit Cards and the Poor
This paper discusses the increasingly frequent use of credit cards by poor families and finds that credit card use and debt have increased dramatically among the poor.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • October 01, 1997

Survival at the Bottom: The Income Packages of Low-Income Families with Children
This report examines the well-being of low-income families and seeks to correct some common misperceptions.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Women's Policy Research • June 01, 2003

Accounting for Kids
This paper discusses the fiscal stress experienced by youth and child nonprofit organizations between 1998 and 2000.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy • May 01, 2004

Young Families, Social Risk and the Role of Government
This paper discusses the increasing social, economic, and family related risks facing young families such as the challenge of parenting, and work-life balance.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Policy Research Networks • October 03, 2003

A Bad Time to be Poor: An Analysis of British Columbia's New Welfare Policies
This report examines the reforms to the British Columbia welfare system and concludes that they are harsh, unjustified, detrimental, and should be reconsidered.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives - BC • June 01, 2003

The Key to Tackling Child Poverty: Income Support for Immediate Needs and Assets for Their Future
While this article discusses child poverty, it also looks at low-income families and their struggles, namely, the difficulty parents face in raising children of their own with inadequate resources, assets and support.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Caledon Institute of Social Policy • March 01, 2004

The Suffering Middle: Trends in Income Inequality in Australia 1982 to 1993-94
This paper examines labour force trends, changes in household composition, and patterns of income inequality from 1982 to 1993-94.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • June 01, 1997

The Growing Number of Kids in Severely Distressed Neighborhoods: Evidence from the 2000 Census
This paper uses a comprehensive measure of neighbourhood quality to demonstrate that the number of children in high-poverty neighbourhoods increased from 1990 to 2000.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Annie E. Casey Foundation, Population Reference Bureau • October 01, 2003

The High Cost of Being Poor: Another Perspective on Helping Low-Income Families Get By and Get Ahead
This essay emphasizes the need to make the cost of living more affordable for working poor families, who face many economic barriers to financial security.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Annie E. Casey Foundation • 2003

Work, Income, and Well-Being among Long-Term Welfare Recipients: Findings from a Survey of California’s “Precarious” Families
This paper examines the employment, income, and dependency characteristics of families on welfare, and assesses their well-being in terms of family life, health, and social and government support.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • September 04, 2002

Self-Employment for Women: Policy Options that Promote Equality and Economic Opportunity
This paper discusses the particular vulnerabilities experienced by self-employed women and suggests policies that would promote economic equality and opportunities for them.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Status of Women Canada • November 01, 2003

A Path to Good Jobs?: Unemployment and Low Wages: The Distribution of Opportunity for Young Unskilled Workers
This paper evaluates different steps a person with little schooling may take to decrease his chances of unemployment and low wages.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College • 1994

Is Charity-Based Provision of Welfare Possible?
This article considers whether Canada has the charity infrastructure to allow for the delivery of welfare programs by charities.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Fraser Institute • October 01, 2000

Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion 2000
This paper examines key indicators of poverty including health, education, income, housing, and employment, and discusses the effect these indicators have on the well-being of children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • December 01, 2000

Fact Sheet: A Look at the Real Costs of Teen Pregnancy
This fact sheet looks at the cost of teen pregnancy to taxpayers, its association with poverty and educational failure, and the outcomes of the children of teen mothers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy • March 01, 2003

Child Support and the Postdivorce Economic Well-Being of Mothers, Fathers, and Children
This paper looks at the short-term financial situation of family members after a marital breakup.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • December 01, 1998

Interaction Effects of a Child Tax Credit, National Health Insurance, and Assured Child Support
This paper argues that if the government offered all families child tax credits, national health insurance, and assured child support, the result would be a dramatic reduction in poverty and welfare dependency.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • December 01, 1994

Income Inequality in Australia from 1982 to 1993: An Assessment of the Impact of Family, Demographic and Labour Force Change
This study demonstrates that changing family structures contributed to an increase in income disparity in Australia, while increased participation of females in the labour force helped to reduce it.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • November 01, 1994

Family Structure and Mental Health
Using previously collected data, the author focuses attention on social and psychological processes that point to new methods of analysis in the areas of stress and family structure, poverty in single-parent households and health, and the impact of childhood experiences on subsequent family structure.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• CMHS/ Mental Health Statistics Improvement Program • June 01, 2003

2001 Census - Analysis Series: Income of Canadian Families
This analysis of Canadian family income shows that the median income for Canadians remained unchanged from 1990 to 2000.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • May 13, 2003

Rags and Riches: Wealth Inequality in Canada
This report highlights the deepening inequalities in the distribution of wealth in Canada and looks at accumulated wealth and net worth rather than income.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives • December 01, 2002

Do Child Characteristics Affect How Children Fare in Families Receiving and Leaving Welfare?
This paper explores the impact of welfare on child development and well-being, and finds that male adolescent welfare leavers fare worse than those who are current recipients of financial assistance.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Insitute • August 02, 2004

Research Summary: Families of Adult Prisoners
This paper presents statistical information relating to families who have a relative in prison, highlights some challenges and problems faced by these families, and outlines several programs and services available to them.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Family and Corrections Network • 1993

Stressful Family Lives: Child and Parent Well-being
This paper assesses the level of stress families face based on food security, crowding, access to health care, and ability to make ends meet.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • June 01, 2000

State Profiles of Child Well-Being: Results for the 2000 Census
This report uses data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses to provide state profiles of child well-being in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Annie E. Casey Foundation • March 01, 2003

Expensive Children in Poor Families: The Intersection of Childhood Disabilities and Welfare
This paper examines the public and private costs of welfare programs and of childcare for children with disabilities.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Public Policy Institute of California • 2000

Recent Changes in Florida Welfare and Work, Child Care, and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at the demographic, economic, and political situation in Florida, and focuses on this state's employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • July 01, 2001

Extreme Poverty Rising, Existing Government Programs Could Do More
This paper explores the increases in extreme economic hardship among single-parent families in in the US, and focuses on how declining participation in state welfare programs has affected poverty levels.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • April 01, 2002

The Lone-Parent Trap: How the Welfare System Discourages Marriage
Using a variety of case studies, this paper examines the impact of the current British welfare system, and attempts to determine why marriage rates are low among the poor.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Civitas: The Institute for the Study of Civil Society • May 01, 2002

Symptoms of Depression Among Welfare Recipients: A Concern for Two Generations
This paper examines the prevalence of depression among low-income single mothers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Trends • December 01, 2001

Gaining Ground: Women, Welfare Reform, and Work
This report demonstrates that Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), a program of welfare reform, was successful in getting many single mothers off welfare and into the workforce.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Policy Alternatives • February 01, 2002

Income in Canada, 1998
This is the latest edition of an annual ...
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • June 01, 2000

Growing Child Benefits, Growing Tax Rates
This paper analyzes some of the problems with the national child benefit program and argues that although payments are increasing, the design of the program contains no incentives for the recipients to seek additional work, or to save or invest their money.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• C.D. Howe Institute • February 17, 1999

The Impact of the National Child Benefit on the Low Income Status of Canadian Families with Children: The SPSD/M Results
This paper examines trends in child poverty in Canada and asseses the impact of the National Child Benefit Supplement on quality of life for low income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for the Study of Living Standards • June 01, 2002

One in Four: America's Youngest Poor
This report provides an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of children living in poverty in the United States and suggests ways to deal with this growing problem.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The National Center for Children in Poverty • January 01, 1996

Households Below Average Income 1994/95 - 2002/03
This report looks at disposable income, income mobility, and changes to income patterns over time in order to provide estimates of standards of living in the United Kingdom.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Statistics: Department for Work and Pensions • 2004

The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemployment
This paper provides evidence that policies that lead to youth unemployment can have an impact on youth throughout their lives.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Economic Policies Institute • October 01, 2001

Changing Housing Expenditure, Tenure Trends, and Household Incomes in Australia, 1975-76 to 1997
This paper examines variations in housing costs for different Australian households from 1975-76 to 1997.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • March 01, 1998

Child Care by Default or Design? An exploration of differences between non-profit and for-profit Canadian child care centres using the You Bet I Care! data sets
This study explores the issue of the operation of child care programs, and considers the pros and cons in giving the public the operational responsibilities over child care.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Childcare Resource and Research Unit, University of Toronto • October 01, 2002

To What Extent Are Canadians Exposed to Low-Income?
This article discusses the probability of visible minority groups who are exposed to Low-Income; it analyses the percentage of individuals with low-income during 1993-1996.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Statistics Canada • March 01, 1999

Can Government Strengthen Marriage: Evidence from the Social Sciences
This paper explores how and why the government should implement public policies that support the institution of marriage and work towards the reduction of divorce and unmarried childbearing.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for American Values • 2004

Lone-Father Families in Canada 1971-1996
This paper explores the nature of lone-father families, specifically with regard to the effects of single-parenting on employment, income and poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Population Studies Centre University of Western Ontario • June 09, 1999

Trends over Time in the Educational Attainments of Single Mothers
Using data from the Current Population Survey, this paper explores the high rates of high school drop out and welfare participation of single mothers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • October 01, 1993

When Work Just Isn't Enough: Measuring Hardships Faced by Families After Moving From Welfare to Work
This report investigates the extent to which families face hardships such as food insecurity, housing problems, and inadequate health and child care, after leaving welfare.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Economic Policy Institute • June 01, 2001

Low Income, Labour Force Participation and Women in Housing Need, 1991
Using data from 1991 housing cost surveys, this paper discusses core housing need and demonstrates its connection to low household income and lack of workforce participation.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Depository Services Program • 1991

Six Myths About Childcare
This paper addresses six common misconceptions about childcare and childcare funding as they relate to public policy.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Heritage Foundation • September 19, 2002

Steady Work and Better Jobs: How to Help Low-Income Parents Sustain Employment and Advance in the Workforce
This document reviews the existing research on what needs to be done to enable low-income, welfare-reliant parents to improve their employment situation.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation • June 01, 2000

Low Wages and the Distribution of Family Income in Australia
This paper looks at the characteristics of low wage workers in Australia, and examines the extent to which low wages are associated with low household income.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • September 01, 1998

Corporate America and the Family
In this paper the authors argue that the strength of the American family is in many ways dependent on the strength of the American economy.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Family Research Council • January 14, 2002

Life Without Father: What Happens to the Children?
This paper studies the adverse effects of father absence in single-parent homes.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Center for Research and Child Wellbeing, Princeton University • August 15, 2001

Childhood Poverty, Early Motherhood and Adult Social Exclusion
This paper explores the relationship between childhood poverty and early motherhood as well as the effect that these two circumstances have on financial, emotional, socio-economic and health outcomes.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion • July 01, 1999

The Housing and Socio-Economic Conditions of Lone-Parent Families: 1991 Census Profile
This article uses unpublished data from the 1991 census to highlight the economic conditions of lone-parent families specifically with reference to their housing situation.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation • June 01, 1997

Coming Up Short: Current Unemployment Insurance Benefits Fail to Meet Basic Family Needs
In this issue brief the authors demonstrate that unemployment insurance does not provide people with enough income to support their families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Economic Policy Institute • October 31, 2001

Two Policy Paradigms: Family Responsibility and Investing in Children
This paper maps the changes in social policy and governance caused by the shift from a “Family Responsibility Paradigm” to an “Investing in Children Paradigm”, and examines the strengths and weaknesses of both paradigms in response to high rates of child poverty in Canada.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Policy Research Networks • February 01, 2001

Impacts of Marital Status and Parental Presence on the Material Hardship of Families with Children
This paper looks at how marriage, cohabitation, and single parenthood affect family incomes and living standards of children.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• U. S. Department of Health and Human Services • July 01, 2002

The Unfinished Business of Welfare Reform: Improving Prospects for Poor Children and Youth
This study examines the effect of the 1996 welfare reform legislation on the children of former welfare recipients.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Child Trends • April 01, 2002

Life After Welfare: The Economic Well-Being of Women and Children Following an Exit from AFDC
This study looks at the overall economic well-being of women who left welfare assistance, and discusses factors that affect their outcomes.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Institute for Research on Poverty • August 01, 1996

A Study of Family, Child Care and Well-Being in Young Canadian Families
Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), this study examined the effects child care has on child development, and what factors predict a family’s use of child care.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Human Resources Development Canada • March 01, 2001

Student Loans and the Retreat from Family: A Modest Proposal
In this paper the authors argue that high levels of student debt are causing students to delay marriage and childbearing.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Family Research Council • May 14, 2003

Home Is Where the Heart Is
This article discusses the work-family balance in an era where families are able to work from home.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Policy Research Networks • March 01, 2002

Physical Housing Conditions and the Well-Being of Children
This study of housing in Canada finds that 15% of the population has inadequate housing.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Canadian Council on Social Development • March 01, 2001

Recent Changes in Washington Welfare and Work, Child Care and Child Welfare Systems
This paper looks at the demographic, economic, and political situation in Washington, and focuses on this state's employment, financial assistance, child care, and child welfare programs for low-income families.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • August 01, 2001

Measuring Poverty in Canada: Part Three
This document contains appendices, references, and notes relating to Parts One and Two of Christopher Sarlo's study on Measuring Poverty in Canada.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Fraser Institute • July 01, 2001

Pathways to Progress: Structural Solutions to Address Child Poverty
This document calls the provincial, territorial, and federal governments to work together to eliminate the problem of child poverty in Canada.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Campaign 2000 • May 01, 2004

Does the Minimum Wage Reduce Poverty?
In this paper the authors demonstrate that that minimum wage legislation has not served to reduce poverty in the United States.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Employment Policies Institute • June 01, 2001

TANF and the Status of Teen Mothers Under Age 18
This paper assesses the changes in teen childbearing, the living arrangements of teen mothers, and school enrollment in relation to welfare use.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Urban Institute • June 01, 2003

Changes in Poverty Among Families in the 1980s: Poverty Gap Versus Poverty Head-Count Approaches
This paper uses two different measurement methods, the poverty gap method and the poverty head-count method, to examine trends in poverty rates during the 1980s.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling • October 01, 1993

Social Policy, Gender Inequality, and Poverty
This article outlines the possible factors that influence poverty among Canadian women, specifically examining the effect that gender inequality and income security policies have on the economic insecurity of women and mothers.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Status of Women Canada • February 01, 2001

Families and Work in the Twenty-First Century
This report draws together the findings of a number of studies into work-family balance, with particular attention paid to such themes as the effect of work on family life, employers' perspectives on their role in work-family relations, and the relationship between work, family, and community resources.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• The Joseph Rowntree Foundation • 2003

Making Work Pay with Tax Reform
In this issue brief the authors argue that the tax system must provide tax relief to low-income families in order to encourage and reward work.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Economic Policy Institute • December 21, 2001

Five Million Children: 1991 Update
This report provides a profile of child poverty in 1989, and shows that poverty rates for children under age six were increasing substantially during this time.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Children in Poverty • 1991

How Poor are the Poor?
This report examines ownership rates of large consumer goods such as televisions, VCRs, microwaves, and washing machines among families classified as living in poverty.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• National Center for Policy Alternatives • October 01, 1995

The Invisible Sentence Project
This report presents the findings of a survey of women who had family members in prison.
• Category: Family Economics > Economic Hardship
• Central West Women's Health Centre • June 01, 2003